{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:49:42Z","timestamp":1792799382893,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overweight and obesity, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance (IR) are strongly associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer. Different surrogate indices of IR are derived and validated with the euglycemic\u2013hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) test. Thus, using a computational approach to predict IR with Matsuda index as reference, this study aimed to determine the optimal cutoff value and diagnosis accuracy for surrogate indices in non-diabetic young adult men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out with 93 young men (ages 18\u201331). Serum levels of glucose and insulin were analyzed in the fasting state and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Additionally, clinical, biochemical, hormonal, and anthropometric characteristics and body composition (DEXA) were determined. The computational approach to evaluate the IR diagnostic accuracy and cutoff value using difference parameters was examined, as well as other statistical tools to make the output robust.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The highest sensitivity and specificity at the optimal cutoff value, respectively, were established for the Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (0.91; 0.98; 3.40), the Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (0.98; 0.96; 0.33), the triglyceride-glucose (TyG)-waist circumference index (TyG-WC) (1.00; 1.00; 427.77), the TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI) (1.00; 1.00; 132.44), TyG-waist-to-height ratio (TyG-WHtR) (0.98; 1.00; 2.48), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (1.00; 1.00; 0.53), waist circumference (WC) (1.00; 1.00; 92.63), body mass index (BMI) (1.00; 1.00; 28.69), total body fat percentage (TFM) (%) (1.00; 1.00; 31.07), android fat (AF) (%) (1.00; 0.98; 40.33), lipid accumulation product (LAP) (0.84; 1.00; 45.49), leptin (0.91; 1.00; 16.08), leptin\/adiponectin ratio (LAR) (0.84; 1.00; 1.17), and fasting insulin (0.91; 0.98; 16.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The computational approach was used to determine the diagnosis accuracy and the optimal cutoff value for IR to be used in preventive healthcare.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1343641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T12:04:43Z","timestamp":1713873883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Surrogate indices of insulin resistance using the Matsuda index as reference in adult men\u2014a computational approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"V\u00edctor Antonio","family":"Malag\u00f3n-Soriano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres Julian","family":"Ledezma-Forero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian Felipe","family":"Espinel-Pachon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro Javier","family":"Burgos-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Fernanda","family":"Garces","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Eduardo","family":"Ortega-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Franco-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhon Jairo","family":"Peralta-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Maldonado-Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Andres","family":"Rubio-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel Esteban","family":"Mercado-Pedroza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia Alexandra","family":"Caminos-Cepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezequiel","family":"Lacunza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Armando","family":"Rivera-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aquiles Enrique","family":"Darghan-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel Iv\u00e1n","family":"Ruiz-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Caminos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Obesity Atlas 2023 | World Obesity Federation Global Obesity Observatory"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DIABRES.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Obesity and overweight"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2023.2168643","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes: the final frontier","volume":"18","author":"Rendell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/CLINCHEM\/HVAD080","article-title":"Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus","volume":"69","author":"Sacks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MOLMET.2020.101158","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes subgroups and potential medication strategies in relation to effects on insulin resistance and beta-cell function: A step toward personalised diabetes treatment","volume":"46","author":"Veelen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90547-B","article-title":"A two-step model for development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes","volume":"90","author":"Saad","year":"1991","journal-title":". Am J Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DC23-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2023","volume":"46","author":"Elsayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2014-2299","article-title":"Fasting and OGTT-derived measures of insulin resistance as compared with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in nondiabetic Finnish offspring of type 2 diabetic individuals","volume":"100","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00125-013-3121-8","article-title":"HOMA and Matsuda indices of insulin sensitivity: poor correlation with minimal model-based estimates of insulin sensitivity in longitudinal settings","volume":"57","author":"Xiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004990","article-title":"Post-glucose load measures of insulin resistance and prognosis of nondiabetic patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-021-82053-2","article-title":"Lipid indices as simple and clinically useful surrogate markers for insulin resistance in the U.S. population","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/OBY.23503","article-title":"Measuring and estimating insulin resistance in clinical and research settings","volume":"30","author":"Gastaldelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4468-z","article-title":"Glucose patterns during an oral glucose tolerance test and associations with future diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality rate","volume":"61","author":"Hulman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87266-z","article-title":"Waist-to-height ratio and metabolic phenotype compared to the Matsuda index for the prediction of insulin resistance","volume":"11","author":"Lechner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHYS.2019.01162","article-title":"Android fat deposition and its association with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight young males","volume":"10","author":"Sari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/846578","article-title":"Importance of android\/gynoid fat ratio in predicting metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk in normal weight as well as overweight and obese children","volume":"2014","author":"Samsell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FNUT.2023.1162079","article-title":"Association of the android to gynoid fat ratio with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FCVM.2023.1055223","article-title":"Association between android fat mass, gynoid fat mass and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in adults: NHANES 2003-2007","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41574-019-0310-7","article-title":"Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.314458","article-title":"Adiponectin, leptin and cardiovascular disorders","volume":"128","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2017.1402151","article-title":"Adiponectin-leptin ratio: A promising index to estimate adipose tissue dysfunction. Relation with obesity-associated cardiometabolic risk","volume":"7","author":"Fr\u00fchbeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ORCP.2023.01.002","article-title":"\u201cAt risk\u201d waist-to-height ratio cut-off points recently adopted by NICE and US Department of Defense will unfairly penalize shorter adults. What is the solution","volume":"17","author":"Nevill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPENDO.00645.2007","article-title":"Current approaches for assessing insulin sensitivity and resistance in vivo: advantages, limitations, and appropriate usage","volume":"294","author":"Muniyappa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-020-77961-8","article-title":"Serum angiopoietin-like 3 levels are elevated in obese non diabetic men but are unaffected during an oral glucose tolerance test","volume":"10","author":"Garc\u00e9s","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU15132974","article-title":"Performance of body fat percentage, fat mass index and body mass index for detecting cardiometabolic outcomes in Brazilian adults","volume":"15","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.4065\/MCP.2011.0097","article-title":"More on body fat cutoff points","volume":"86","author":"Ho-Pham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-629","article-title":"The utility of fat mass index vs. body mass index and percentage of body fat in the screening of metabolic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2010-0288","article-title":"The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp","volume":"95","author":"Guerrero-Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/MET.2008.0034","article-title":"The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects","volume":"6","author":"Simental-Mend\u00eda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000526988","article-title":"Triglyceride-glucose index cutoff point is an accurate marker for predicting the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese caucasian subjects","volume":"79","author":"Primo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0206994","article-title":"The cut-off values of surrogate measures for insulin resistance in the Korean population according to the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KOGES)","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12944-019-1098-0","article-title":"Comparison of discrimination for cardio-metabolic risk by different cut-off values of the ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol","volume":"18","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Introduction to Biostatistics: Second Edition\n            SokalRR\n            RohlfFJ\n          New York"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137317940","article-title":"A Primer for Spatial Econometrics","volume-title":"A Primer for Spatial Econometrics","author":"Arbia","year":"2014"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2006.735.739","article-title":"Data mining: A preprocessing engine","volume":"2","author":"Al Shalabi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Comput Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0085-y","article-title":"Reappraisal of waist circumference cutoff value according to general obesity","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/ENM.2014.29.4.418","article-title":"Optimal waist circumference cutoff values for the diagnosis of abdominal obesity in korean adults","volume":"29","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU9091009","article-title":"Percentage of body fat and fat mass index as a screening tool for metabolic syndrome prediction in Colombian University students","volume":"9","author":"Ram\u00edrez-V\u00e9lez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FNUT.2022.986090","article-title":"Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/INTERNALMEDICINE.55.4100","article-title":"Association of waist circumference and body fat weight with insulin resistance in male subjects with normal body mass index and normal glucose tolerance","volume":"55","author":"Sasaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2016.0358280417","article-title":"Evaluation of waist-to-height ratio as a predictor of insulin resistance in non-diabetic obese individuals. A cross-sectional study","volume":"135","author":"Jamar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med J"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S42000-021-00296-0","article-title":"Anthropometric indicators of insulin resistance","volume":"21","author":"Polymeris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-016-3892-1","article-title":"BMI and waist circumference cut-offs for corresponding levels of insulin sensitivity in a Middle Eastern immigrant versus a native Swedish population - the MEDIM population based study","author":"Bennet","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-023-05156-9","article-title":"Evaluation of a decided sample size in machine learning applications","volume":"24","author":"Rajput","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3346\/JKMS.2006.21.4.695","article-title":"Cutoff values of surrogate measures of insulin resistance for metabolic syndrome in Korean non-diabetic adults","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DC22-0272","article-title":"Measures of insulin resistance as a screening tool for dysglycemia in patients with coronary artery disease: A report from the EUROASPIRE V population","volume":"45","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2010-0296","article-title":"Fasting plasma leptin level is a surrogate measure of insulin sensitivity","volume":"95","author":"Askari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.METABOL.2007.09.011","article-title":"The ratio of leptin to adiponectin can be used as an index of insulin resistance","volume":"57","author":"Oda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-023-43550-8","article-title":"Correlation analysis of obesity phenotypes with leptin and adiponectin","volume":"13","author":"Aisike","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.4103\/JFMPC.JFMPC_165_21","article-title":"TG\/HDL Ratio: A marker for insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in prediabetics or not","volume":"10","author":"Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7570\/JOMES20071","article-title":"Cut-off values and clinical utility of surrogate markers for insulin resistance and beta-cell function to identify metabolic syndrome and its components among southern Indian adults","volume":"29","author":"Endukuru","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.354S","article-title":"Obesity, body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and Islet beta-cell function as explanations for metabolic diversity","volume":"131","author":"Kahn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00247-1","article-title":"Association of the triglyceride glucose index as a measure of insulin resistance with mortality and cardiovascular disease in populations from five continents (PURE study): a prospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Lopez-Jaramillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/HDI.12981","article-title":"Utility of TG\/HDL-c ratio as a predictor of mortality and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Gonz\u00e1les-Rubianes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPREGU.00257.2017","article-title":"Adipose cell size: importance in health and disease","volume":"315","author":"Stenkula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02672-y","article-title":"Obese visceral fat tissue inflammation: from protective to detrimental","volume":"20","author":"Kolb","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164118813890","article-title":"Impact of race\/ethnicity on insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridaemia","volume":"16","author":"Raygor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc Dis Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41392-022-01073-0","article-title":"Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPUBH.2021.797183","article-title":"The racial disparities in the epidemic of metabolic syndrome with increased age: A study from 28,049 Chinese and American adults","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030022","article-title":"Sex-specific comparison between triglyceride glucose index and modified triglyceride glucose indices to predict new-onset hypertension in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU15020257","article-title":"Waist circumference is an essential factor in predicting insulin resistance and early detection of metabolic syndrome in adults","volume":"15","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Manent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00088-7","article-title":"Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Caleyachetty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DC06-0057","article-title":"Ethnicity, obesity, and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a 20-year follow-up study","volume":"29","author":"Shai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJDRC-2019-000911","article-title":"Relationships of surrogate indexes of insulin resistance with insulin sensitivity assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and subclinical vascular damage","volume":"7","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-019-46187-8","article-title":"Visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and product of triglycerides and glucose (TyG) to discriminate prediabetes and diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-019-2039-x","article-title":"Optimal cut-off point of waist to height ratio in Beijing and its association with clusters of metabolic risk factors","volume":"39","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0106-x","article-title":"Waist-to-height ratio, an optimal predictor for obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults","volume":"14","author":"Shao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0216069","article-title":"Usefulness of waist-to-height ratio in screening incident metabolic syndrome among Japanese community-dwelling elderly individuals","volume":"14","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU11112598","article-title":"The usefulness of anthropometric indices to identify the risk of metabolic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Suliga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0161551","article-title":"Correction: the cut-off point and boundary values of waist-to-height ratio as an indicator for cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese adults from the PURE study","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02815-w","article-title":"Triglyceride glucose-waist to height ratio: a novel and effective marker for identifying hepatic steatosis in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"74","author":"Malek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2022.949831","article-title":"Impacts of triglyceride glucose-waist to height ratio on diabetes incidence: A secondary analysis of A population-based longitudinal data","volume":"13","author":"Xuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU5062019","article-title":"Body fat distribution and insulin resistance","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2009-1030","article-title":"Ethnic variation in fat and lean body mass and the association with insulin resistance","volume":"94","author":"Lear","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/OBY.2011.300","article-title":"Fat in android, trunk, and peripheral regions varies by ethnicity and race in college aged women","volume":"20","author":"Stults-Kolehmainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2022.1086936","article-title":"Elevated visceral adiposity index is associated with increased stroke prevalence and earlier age at first stroke onset: Based on a national cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS21165887","article-title":"Role of leptin in inflammation and vice versa","volume":"21","author":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.485540","article-title":"Leptin:adiponectin ratio is an independent predictor of intima media thickness of the common carotid artery","volume":"38","author":"Norata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MEDICINA55050158","article-title":"Optimal homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) cut-offs: A cross-sectional study in the Czech population","volume":"55","author":"Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-13-47","article-title":"Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) cut-off values and the metabolic syndrome in a general adult population: effect of gender and age: EPIRCE cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Gayoso-Diz","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/JCM10235591","article-title":"Comparison of various indices in identifying insulin resistance and diabetes in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Farkas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DIABETES.52.2.463","article-title":"Prediction of type 2 diabetes using simple measures of insulin resistance: combined results from the San Antonio Heart Study, the Mexico City Diabetes Study, and the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study","volume":"52","author":"Hanley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The World Migration Report 2020","DOI":"10.1002\/wom3.21"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2217\/EPI-2020-0329","article-title":"DNA methylation as the link between migration and the major noncommunicable diseases: the RODAM study","volume":"13","author":"Chilunga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CIMB45100496","article-title":"Gender differences in insulin resistance: new knowledge and perspectives","volume":"45","author":"Ciarambino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1343641\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T12:04:49Z","timestamp":1713873889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1343641\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1343641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1343641","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"article-number":"1343641"}}