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Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize the influence of female-specific hormones on women\u2019s thyroid function, the study investigated the influence of extra progestin from oral contraceptives on inducing thyroid dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty female Wistar rats were divided into six groups based on levonorgestrel or desogestrel administration as the main active agents: control, low (0.0039 mg*20-fold), medium (0.0039 mg*100-fold), high (0.0318 mg*100-fold) levonorgestrel (pure product); and low (0.0083 mg*20-fold) and high (0.0083 mg*100-fold) desogestrel (pure product). Progestin was administered by gavage every 4 days for 1 month. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following levonorgestrel gavage, serum free T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and thyroidstimulating hormone levels were significantly lower in the experimental group than that in the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.013 and 0.043). After desogestrel gavage, the serum free T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and free T<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> levels were lower in the experimental group than that in the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.019 and 0.030). Thyroid hormone antibody concentrations were lower in rats administered levonorgestrel and desogestrel than that in control rats. Moreover, exposure to progestin upregulated the expression of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and sodium iodide symporter in thyroid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Progestin stimulation enhanced the proliferation of follicular epithelial cells in rat thyroid tissues. Progestin exposure could cause thyroid dysfunction by upregulating the transcription of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and sodium iodide symporter in thyroid, thus inducing pathomorphological changes in rats\u2019 thyroid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1362774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T04:22:41Z","timestamp":1717561361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of progestin on thyroid function in female Wistar 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