{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:03:15Z","timestamp":1791846195521,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to explore the factors influencing PRL levels in patients with prolactinoma and to investigate the correlations between anxiety, depression, sleep, self-efficacy, and PRL levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study included 176 patients with prolactinoma who received outpatient treatment at the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University from May 2017 to August 2022. The general information questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) were used for data collection. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to analyze the factors influencing PRL levels in patients with prolactinoma. GEE single-effect analysis was used to compare PRL levels at different time points between anxiety group and nonanxiety group, between insomnia group and normal group, and between low, medium, and high self-efficacy groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The median baseline PRL level and the PRL levels at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up were 268.50 ng\/ml, 122.25 ng\/ml, 21.20 ng\/ml, 19.65 ng\/ml, and 16.10 ng\/ml, respectively. Among patients with prolactinoma, 59.10% had anxiety (HADS-A score = 7.35 \u00b1 3.34) and 28.98% had depression (HADS-D score = 5.23 \u00b1 3.87), 9.10% had sleep disorders (AIS score = 6.10 \u00b1 4.31) and 54.55% had low self-efficacy (GSES score = 2.13 \u00b1 0.83). Educational level, tumor size, number of visits, sleep quality, anxiety level, and self-efficacy level were found to be factors influencing PRL levels in patients with prolactinoma (P&amp;lt;0.05). Higher PRL levels were observed in the anxiety group compared to the non-anxiety group (P&amp;lt;0.001), in the insomnia group compared to the normal group (P&amp;lt;0.05), and in the low self-efficacy group compared to the medium and high self-efficacy groups (P&amp;lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PRL levels in patients with prolactinoma are related to education level, tumor size, number of visits, anxiety, self-efficacy, and sleep but not depression. PRL levels were higher in patients with anxiety, low self-efficacy, and sleep disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1369729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T04:55:59Z","timestamp":1710824159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A study on the correlations of PRL levels with anxiety, depression, sleep, and self-efficacy in patients with prolactinoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaoju","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongmin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunjun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunwu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101290","article-title":"The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Prolactinomas: The old and the new","volume":"33","author":"Chanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.5444","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas: A review","volume":"329","author":"Tritos","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-21-0977","article-title":"Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME) and International Chapter of Clinical Endocrinology (ICCE). 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