{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:32:37Z","timestamp":1780925557897,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sufficient physical activity and sleep duration are essential for overall health. While one-third of the US population reports short sleep (&amp;lt;7 h), which is proven to link with negative health status. Current evidence on the relationship between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and serum insulin level in short sleep groups is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used to conduct this cross-sectional study of 8,494 adults (NHANES) 2007\u20132018. Serum insulin was quantitatively tested by human insulin immunoassay. Short sleep conditions were defined as \u22647 h per night. Physical activity conditions, including work activity, recreational activity, and sedentary behavior, were self-reported in NHANES by the Physical Activity Questionnaire using a 7-day recall method. The main analyses utilized weighted linear regression models due to the complex multistage sampling design of NHANES. Subgroup analysis and the influence of different lipid indices were explored in this study. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of participants without diabetes was conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In fully adjusted models, increased levels of work and recreational activity significantly reduced insulin levels, with \u03b2 values 95% CI = -0.002 (-0.003, 0.001) and \u03b2 values 95% CI = -0.008 (-0.012, -0.003), respectively. However, sedentary behavior was positively associated with insulin levels, with a \u03b2 value 95% CI =0.022 (0.009, 0.034). The sensitivity analysis further confirmed the benefits of recreational activity in controlling insulin levels. Through sex stratification analysis, it seemed that physical activity was more obviously impacted in the male than female groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, our analysis demonstrates that in short sleepers, an increased level of work and recreational activity is beneficial to control the insulin level, and more sedentary time is harmful. However, this association might be discrepant in different sexes and different levels of lipid indices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1371682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T04:51:55Z","timestamp":1728881515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Exploration of physical activity, sedentary behavior and insulin level among short sleepers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuquan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanwei","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingzhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2017.19","article-title":"Inadequate sleep as a contributor to type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Dutil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0411-y","article-title":"Sleep, insomnia, and depression","volume":"45","author":"Riemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5210","article-title":"Health consequences of shift work and insufficient sleep","volume":"355","author":"Kecklund","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17057","article-title":"Relationship between accelerometer-measured sleep duration and Stroop performance: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study among young adults","volume":"12","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12950","article-title":"Application of health behaviour theory to sleep health improvement","volume":"29","author":"Mead","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2011.07.2300","article-title":"Basal insulin: physiology, pharmacology, and clinical implications","volume":"123","author":"Niswender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cupe.2005.12.011","article-title":"The role for insulin analogues in diabetes care","volume":"16","author":"Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18576","article-title":"Insulin resistance: definition and consequences","author":"Lebovitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110062","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2009.109.1.26","article-title":"Insulin analog therapy: improving the match with physiologic insulin secretion","volume":"109","author":"Freeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05482","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"444","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-247","article-title":"Interaction between physical activity and sleep duration in relation to insulin resistance among non-diabetic Chinese adults","volume":"12","author":"Zuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.305205","article-title":"Exercise and the cardiovascular system: clinical science and cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"117","author":"Lavie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669","article-title":"Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health","volume":"124","author":"Lavie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1080782","article-title":"The association between sedentary behavior, exercise, and sleep disturbance: A mediation analysis of inflammatory biomarkers","volume":"13","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.697633","article-title":"Bibliometric review to explore emerging high-intensity interval training in health promotion: A new century picture","volume":"9","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2024.2348906","article-title":"Accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour are associated with C-reactive protein in US adults who get insufficient sleep: A threshold and isotemporal substitution effect analysis","volume":"42","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"J sports Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19432-7","article-title":"Saturation effects of the relationship between physical exercise and systemic immune inflammation index in the short-sleep population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.499","article-title":"Physical activity and pre-diabetes-an unacknowledged mid-life crisis: findings from NHANES 2003-2006","volume":"2","author":"Farni","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.11.020","article-title":"Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and concentrations of insulin among US adults","volume":"59","author":"Ford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210185","article-title":"Interactions between insulin and exercise","volume":"478","author":"Richter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1792-1_9","article-title":"Exercise and insulin resistance","volume":"1228","author":"Whillier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1493-2948","article-title":"Postprandial metabolism and physical activity in Asians: A narrative review","volume":"42","author":"Nagayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01183-w","article-title":"Effects of interrupting prolonged sitting with physical activity breaks on blood glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Loh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx077","article-title":"Physical activity maintenance and metabolic risk in adolescents","volume":"40","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.07.020","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of long-term exercise intervention on cognitive performance among short-sleep young adults: A hemodynamic study","volume":"110","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020171","article-title":"Cognitive performance in short sleep young adults with different physical activity levels: A cross-sectional fNIRS study","volume":"13","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm23082","article-title":"Physical Activity and Exercise for Cardiorespiratory Health and Fitness in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"23","author":"Gollie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Cardiol Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021902","article-title":"Associations between sleep quality and its domains and insufficient physical activity in a large sample of Croatian young adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"\u0160tefan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15411-6","article-title":"Muscle quality index is associated with trouble sleeping: a cross-sectional population based study","volume":"23","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16358-4","article-title":"Mitigation role of physical exercise participation in the relationship between blood cadmium and sleep disturbance: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132894","article-title":"Assessment of lifestyle, eating habits and the effect of nutritional education among undergraduate students in Southern Italy","volume":"15","author":"Moscatelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1214748","article-title":"Threshold effects of the relationship between physical exercise and cognitive function in the short-sleep elder population","volume":"15","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1016619","article-title":"The association between recreational physical activity and depression in the short sleep population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"National health and nutrition examination survey, data documentation, codebook, and frequencies2024"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56316-7","article-title":"Inverted U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and phenotypic age in US adults: a population-based study","volume":"14","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060777","article-title":"Mediation role of recreational physical activity in the relationship between the dietary intake of live microbes and the systemic immune-inflammation index: A real-world cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1197150","article-title":"The role of education attainment on 24-hour movement behavior in emerging adults: evidence from a population-based study","volume":"12","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2023-0550","article-title":"The role of dietary intake of live microbes in the association between leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms: a population-based study","volume":"49","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl physiology nutrition Metab = Physiologie appliquee Nutr metabolisme"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14783","article-title":"Exploring the potential relationship between short sleep risks and cognitive function from the perspective of inflammatory biomarkers and cellular pathways: Insights from population-based and mice studies","volume":"30","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19158","article-title":"Accelerometer-measured physical activity patterns are associated with phenotypic age: Isotemporal substitution effects","volume":"9","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.11.001","article-title":"Exercise and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Sampath Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173337","article-title":"Level and correlates of physical activity and sedentary behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis of the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study_2","volume":"12","author":"Balducci","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.21954","article-title":"Work-related physical activity among cardiovascular specialists","volume":"35","author":"Abd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2226-z","article-title":"Socioeconomic position and work, travel, and recreation-related physical activity in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Matsushita","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0380-1","article-title":"Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Patterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2677-z","article-title":"Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Wilmot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.3636","article-title":"Trends in sedentary behavior among the US population, 2001-2016","volume":"321","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7374","article-title":"Insufficient sleep duration is associated with dietary habits, screen time, and obesity in children","volume":"14","author":"Tambalis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.23","article-title":"Sedentary behavior and sleep: paradoxical effects in association with childhood obesity","author":"Must","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.809669","article-title":"The association between physical activity and insulin level under different levels of lipid indices and serum uric acid","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-50-2-246","article-title":"Differences in insulin receptors between men and menstruating women and influence of sex hormones on insulin binding during the menstrual cycle","volume":"50","author":"Bertoli","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2016-000143","article-title":"Update on the effects of physical activity on insulin sensitivity in humans","volume":"2","author":"Bird","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09022-8","article-title":"Leisure time physical activity and depressive symptoms among adolescents in Sweden","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4402%JSleep","article-title":"Shorter sleep duration is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity in healthy white men","volume":"38","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199417060-00005","article-title":"Gender differences in substrate utilisation during exercise","volume":"17","author":"Ruby","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1101-6","article-title":"Pathogenesis of lipid disorders in insulin resistance: a brief review","volume":"18","author":"Bjornstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e241147","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.1147%JJAMANetworkOpen","article-title":"Habitual short sleep duration, diet, and development of type 2 diabetes in adults","volume":"7","author":"N\u00f4ga","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA network Open"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.241463","article-title":"Selective hepatic insulin resistance, VLDL overproduction, and hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"32","author":"Sparks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-004-2607-z","article-title":"Fibrinogen and fibrin clot structure in diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Dunn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6621568","article-title":"The neoepitopes on methylglyoxal- (MG-) glycated fibrinogen generate autoimmune response: its role in diabetes, atherosclerosis, and diabetic atherosclerosis subjects","volume":"2021","author":"Rehman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-016-0797-7","article-title":"The effect of vigorous- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on insulin action","volume":"18","author":"McGarrah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.014","article-title":"Sleep quality and duration are associated with performance in maximal incremental test","volume":"177","author":"Antunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040","article-title":"Physical activity and depression: Towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity","volume":"107","author":"Kandola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106100","article-title":"Economic evaluations of public health interventions for physical activity and healthy diet: A systematic review","volume":"136","author":"Gebreslassie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271238","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure: Findings from the NHANES 2007-2014","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1371682\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T04:51:59Z","timestamp":1728881519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1371682\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1371682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1371682","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"article-number":"1371682"}}