{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:59:39Z","timestamp":1792511979705,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have revealed the sex-specific features of pituitary\u2013thyroid hormone (TH) actions and the prevalence of thyroid nodules (TNs) in children and adolescents. However, it was unclear in adults. We aimed to investigate the features of pituitary\u2013TH actions in women and men at different ages, and the associations of thyrotropin (TSH), THs, and central sensitivity to THs indices including the thyroid feedback quantile-based index by FT4 (TFQI<jats:sub>FT4<\/jats:sub>) and the thyroid feedback quantile-based index by FT3(TFQI<jats:sub>FT3<\/jats:sub>) with of TNs in Chinese euthyroid adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>8771 euthyroid adults from the communities in China were involved. Demographic, behavioral, and anthropometric data were gathered through the questionnaires. Ultrasound was performed to evaluate the TNs. TSH and THs levels were measured. The multivariable logistic regression and multivariable ordinal logistic regression were conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>TFQI<jats:sub>FT3<\/jats:sub> among both genders, except women aged 43 to 59 years, where it increased slightly. Additionally, there was an age-related decline in TFQI<jats:sub>FT4<\/jats:sub> levels in both women and men at ages &amp;lt; 50 and &amp;lt; 53, respectively, but a marked increase after that. Lower TSH levels were significantly associated with a higher prevalence and lower odds of having fewer TNs using multiple nodules as the base category in both men and women (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend &amp;lt; 0.05). Additionally, lower TFQI<jats:sub>FT3<\/jats:sub> and TFQI<jats:sub>FT4<\/jats:sub> levels were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of TNs in women (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend &amp;lt; 0.05), and lower TFQI<jats:sub>FT3<\/jats:sub> levels were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of TNs in men. Both higher TFQI<jats:sub>FT3<\/jats:sub> and TFQI<jats:sub>FT4<\/jats:sub> levels were significantly associated with higher odds of having fewer TNs using multiple nodules as the base category in women. However, the relationships between TFQI<jats:sub>FT4<\/jats:sub> and the prevalence or number of TNs in men were not found.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The trends of THs, TSH, TFQI<jats:sub>FT4<\/jats:sub>, and TFQI<jats:sub>FT3<\/jats:sub> at different ages were sex-dependent. Both TFQI<jats:sub>FT4<\/jats:sub> and TFQI<jats:sub>FT3<\/jats:sub> levels were negatively associated with the prevalence and number of TNs in women. The present results may lead to a better understanding of the sex-specific relationships between the development of the pituitary-TH axis and the formation of TNs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1379103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T04:55:28Z","timestamp":1715316928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex-specific associations between the developmental alterations in the pituitary-thyroid hormone axis and thyroid nodules in Chinese euthyroid adults: a community-based cross\u2212sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genfeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanfang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qintao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.09.019","article-title":"Epidemiology of thyroid nodules","volume":"22","author":"Dean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-23-0067","article-title":"european thyroid association clinical practice guidelines for thyroid nodule management","volume":"2023","author":"Durante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1113977","article-title":"Thyroid nodules: Global, economic, and personal burdens","volume":"14","author":"Uppal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042220-015032","article-title":"Contemporary management of thyroid nodules","volume":"73","author":"Kobaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.831346","article-title":"Exploring the research landscape of the past, present, and future of thyroid nodules","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1029926","article-title":"Mapping global epidemiology of thyroid nodules among general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.676144","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid nodules in China: A health examination cohort-based study","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0258","article-title":"Discoveries around the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis","volume":"33","author":"Hershman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04276-3","article-title":"Association of impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones with hyperuricemia through obesity in the euthyroid population","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac523","article-title":"Reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with high remnant cholesterol levels in chinese euthyroid adults","volume":"108","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1410","article-title":"Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Laclaustra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad186","article-title":"Central sensitivity to free triiodothyronine with mafld and its progression to liver fibrosis in euthyroid adults","volume":"108","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0327","article-title":"Possible association between thyroid nodule formation and developmental alterations in the pituitary-thyroid hormone axis in children and adolescents: The fukushima health management survey","volume":"32","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0499","article-title":"Inappropriate suppression of thyrotropin concentrations in young patients with thyroid nodules including thyroid cancer: The fukushima health management survey","volume":"26","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1204552","article-title":"The association between thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid nodules, goiter and thyroid antibody positivity","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-04024-0","article-title":"Sex-specific associations of five serum essential metal elements with thyroid nodules in euthyroid adults: A cross\u2212sectional study","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1134208","article-title":"Association of multiple blood metals with thyroid function in general adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2318418","article-title":"Associations of thyroid feedback quantile-based index with diabetes in euthyroid adults in the United States and China","volume":"56","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-23-0130","article-title":"Association of sensitivity to thyroid hormones with all-cause mortality in euthyroid us adults: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114306","article-title":"Sex-specific associations of the urinary fourteen-metal mixture with nafld and liver fibrosis among us adults: A nationally representative study","volume":"248","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m997","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the american diabetes association: National cross sectional study","volume":"369","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01987-0","article-title":"The association between dietary selenium intake and hashimoto's thyroiditis among us adults: National health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes), 2007-2012","volume":"46","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","article-title":"A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement","volume":"73","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01095-4","article-title":"Associations between abdominal obesity indices and diabetic complications: Chinese visceral adiposity index and neck circumference","volume":"19","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010089","article-title":"Coffee intake and liver steatosis: A population study in a mediterranean area","volume":"10","author":"Veronese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.981749","article-title":"Association between blood lead levels and hyperlipidemiais: Results from the nhanes (1999-2018)","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003890","article-title":"Ultra-processed food intake and mortality in the USA: Results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes iii, 1988-1994)","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01121-5","article-title":"The impact of triglyceride-glucose index on incident cardiovascular events during 16 years of follow-up: Tehran lipid and glucose study","volume":"19","author":"Barzegar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T273","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-14-0053","article-title":"Estrogen and its role in thyroid cancer","volume":"21","author":"Derwahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0029","article-title":"Oestrogen action on thyroid progenitor cells: Relevant for the pathogenesis of thyroid nodules","volume":"218","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T255","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-14-0070","article-title":"Obesity and thyroid cancer","volume":"21","author":"Marcello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2481","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in thyroid function in the oldest old and survival: The cardiovascular health study all-stars study","volume":"97","author":"Waring","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab183","article-title":"Causal association between serum thyrotropin and obesity: A bidirectional, mendelian randomization study","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13070","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13070","article-title":"Free triiodothyronine is associated with the occurrence and remission of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in euthyroid women","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.662543","article-title":"Associations between thyroid volume and physical growth in pubertal girls: Thyroid volume indexes need to be applied to thyroid volume assessments","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0410","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine-deficient area","volume":"161","author":"Ayturk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.3.4673","article-title":"Effect of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy versus suppressive doses of l-thyroxine on benign solitary solid cold thyroid nodules: A randomized trial","volume":"83","author":"Bennedbaek","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.06.007","article-title":"Efficacy of thyroid hormone suppression for benign thyroid nodules: Meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"133","author":"Sdano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1379103\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T04:55:32Z","timestamp":1715316932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1379103\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1379103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1379103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"article-number":"1379103"}}