{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T15:39:57Z","timestamp":1784993997933,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The brain regulates multiple physiological processes in fish. Despite this, knowledge about the basic structure and function of distinct brain regions in non-model fish species remains limited due to their diversity and the scarcity of common biomarkers. In the present study, four major brain parts, the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, were isolated in largemouth bass, <jats:italic>Micropterus salmoides<\/jats:italic>. Within these parts, nine brain regions and 74 nuclei were further identified through morphological and cytoarchitectonic analysis. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 7153 region-highly expressed genes and 176 region-specifically expressed genes. Genes related to growth, reproduction, emotion, learning, and memory were significantly overexpressed in the olfactory bulb and telencephalon (OBT). Feeding and stress-related genes were in the hypothalamus (Hy). Visual system-related genes were predominantly enriched in the optic tectum (OT), while vision and hearing-related genes were widely expressed in the cerebellum (Ce) region. Sensory input and motor output-related genes were in the medulla oblongata (Mo). Osmoregulation, stress response, sleep\/wake cycles, and reproduction-related genes were highly expressed in the remaining brain (RB). Three candidate marker genes were further identified for each brain regions, such as neuropeptide FF (<jats:italic>npff<\/jats:italic>) for OBT, pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (<jats:italic>pmch<\/jats:italic>) for Hy, vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (<jats:italic>viaat<\/jats:italic>) for OT, excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (<jats:italic>eaat1<\/jats:italic>) for Ce, peripherin (<jats:italic>prph<\/jats:italic>) for Mo, and isotocin neurophysin (<jats:italic>itnp<\/jats:italic>) for RB. Additionally, the distribution of seven neurotransmitter-type neurons and five types of non-neuronal cells across different brain regions were analyzed by examining the expression of their marker genes. Notably, marker genes for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons showed the highest expression levels across all brain regions. Similarly, the marker gene for radial astrocytes exhibited high expression compared to other markers, while those for microglia were the least expressed. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional characteristics of distinct brain regions in the largemouth bass, which offers a valuable resource for understanding the role of central nervous system in regulating physiological processes in teleost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1385575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T06:48:27Z","timestamp":1714459707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Specific biomarkers and neurons distribution of different brain regions in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Meijia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leshan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay5947","article-title":"An atlas of the protein-coding genes in the human, pig, and mouse brain","volume":"367","author":"Sj\u00f6stedt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.09.012","article-title":"Social brain, social dysfunction and social withdrawal","volume":"97","author":"Porcelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134316","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease and related alpha-synucleinopathies","volume":"709","author":"Henderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00219","article-title":"Brain transcriptome profiling analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under long-term hypersaline stress","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-023-09779-2","article-title":"Aquaculture environment changes fish behavioral adaptability directly or indirectly through personality traits: a case study","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Fish Biol Fish"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.153213","article-title":"How do individuals cope with stress? 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