{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T17:51:04Z","timestamp":1793987464183,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a severe complication among diabetic patients, often leading to amputation or even death. Early detection of infection and ischemia is essential for improving healing outcomes, but current diagnostic methods are invasive, time-consuming, and costly. There is a need for non-invasive, efficient, and affordable solutions in diabetic foot care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed DFUCare, a platform that leverages computer vision and deep learning (DL) algorithms to localize, classify, and analyze DFUs non-invasively. The platform combines CIELAB and YCbCr color space segmentation with a pre-trained YOLOv5s algorithm for wound localization. Additionally, deep-learning models were implemented to classify infection and ischemia in DFUs. The preliminary performance of the platform was tested on wound images acquired using a cell phone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>DFUCare achieved an F1-score of 0.80 and a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.861 for wound localization. For infection classification, we obtained a binary accuracy of 79.76%, while ischemic classification reached 94.81% on the validation set. The system successfully measured wound size and performed tissue color and textural analysis for a comparative assessment of macroscopic wound features. In clinical testing, DFUCare localized wounds and predicted infected and ischemic with an error rate of less than 10%, underscoring the strong performance of the platform.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>DFUCare presents an innovative approach to wound care, offering a cost-effective, remote, and convenient healthcare solution. By enabling non-invasive and accurate analysis of wounds using mobile devices, this platform has the potential to revolutionize diabetic foot care and improve clinical outcomes through early detection of infection and ischemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1386613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T18:03:05Z","timestamp":1727200985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["DFUCare: deep learning platform for diabetic foot ulcer detection, analysis, and monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Varun","family":"Sendilraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Pilcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dahim","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarav","family":"Bhasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avika","family":"Bhadada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay Kumar","family":"Bhadadaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Bhasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence","volume":"376","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0491-1","article-title":"High prevalence of ischaemia, infection and serious comorbidity in patients with diabetic foot disease in Europe. 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