{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T02:12:26Z","timestamp":1780107146511,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with insulin-producing beta cell destruction, declining insulin secretion, and elevated blood glucose. Physical activity improves glycaemic control and cardiovascular health. This study explores acute effects of maximal exhaustion induced by a cardiopulmonary exercise on macro- and microvascular parameters in type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-five participants with type 1 diabetes (14 males, 11 females), aged 41.4 \u00b1 11.87 years, BMI 23.7 \u00b1 3.08, completed a repeated-measure study. Measurements pre-, post-, 30- and 60-minutes post-exhaustion involved a maximal incremental cardio-pulmonary exercise test. Macro- and microvascular parameters were assessed using VICORDER<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> and retinal blood vessel image analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS (Version 27.0) analysed data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post-exercise, heart rate increased (p&amp;lt;.001), and diastolic blood pressure decreased (p=.023). Diabetes duration correlated with pulse wave velocity (r=0.418, p=.047), diastolic blood pressure (r=0.470, p=.023), and central retinal arteriolar equivalent (r=0.492, p=.023).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In type 1 diabetes, cardiopulmonary exercise-induced exhaustion elevates heart rate and reduces diastolic blood pressure. Future research should explore extended, rigorous physical activity protocols for greater cardiovascular risk reduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1406930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T05:05:02Z","timestamp":1724907902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acute effects of exercise on macro- and microvasculature in individuals with type 1 diabetes \u2013 a secondary outcome 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