{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T23:08:23Z","timestamp":1794438503334,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Waist circumference (WC) is a reliable obesity surrogate but may not distinguish between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Our aim was to develop a novel sex-specific model to estimate the magnitude of visceral adipose tissue measured by computed tomography (CT-VAT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The model was initially formulated through the integration of anthropometric measurements, laboratory data, and CT-VAT within a study group (n=185), utilizing the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) methodology. Subsequently, its correlation with CT-VAT was examined in an external validation group (n=50). The accuracy of the new model in estimating increased CT-VAT (&amp;gt;130 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) was compared with WC, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), visceral adiposity index (VAI), a body shape index (ABSI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), body roundness index (BRI), and metabolic score for visceral fat (METS-VF) in the study group. Additionally, the new model\u2019s accuracy in identifying metabolic syndrome was evaluated in our Metabolic Healthiness Discovery Cohort (n=430).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The new model comprised WC, gender, BMI, and hip circumference, providing the highest predictive accuracy in estimating increased CT-VAT in men (AUC of 0.96 \u00b1 0.02), outperforming other indices. In women, the AUC was 0.94 \u00b1 0.03, which was significantly higher than that of VAI, WHR, and ABSI but similar to WC, BMI, LAP, BRI, and METS-VF. It\u2019s demonstrated high ability for identifying metabolic syndrome with an AUC of 0.76 \u00b1 0.03 (p&amp;lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The new model is a valuable indicator of CT-VAT, especially in men, and it exhibits a strong predictive capability for identifying metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1411678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T04:45:59Z","timestamp":1720586759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prediction of visceral adipose tissue magnitude using a new model based on simple clinical measurements"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cundullah","family":"Torun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Handan","family":"Ankaral\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00fctfullah","family":"Ca\u015ftur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Uzunlulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ay\u015fe Naciye","family":"Erbakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammet Mikdat","family":"Akba\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nesrin","family":"G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmut Bilal","family":"Do\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00fczeyyen Arslan","family":"Bahad\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aytekin","family":"O\u011fuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3060","article-title":"Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016","volume":"319","author":"Hales","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"i","article-title":"Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation","volume":"894","year":"2000","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.068","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss","volume":"53","author":"Lavie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/4.1.20","article-title":"The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease","volume":"4","author":"Vague","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2009.00623.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: structural and functional differences","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.41.7.826","article-title":"Visceral obesity in men. Associations with glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and lipoprotein levels","volume":"41","author":"Pouliot","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/2012.jama.11132","article-title":"Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults","volume":"308","author":"Neeland","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2.372","article-title":"Trunk fat and leg fat have independent and opposite associations with fasting and postload glucose levels: the Hoorn study","volume":"27","author":"Snijder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.53","article-title":"Single slice vs. volumetric MR assessment of visceral adipose tissue: reliability and validity among the overweight and obese","volume":"20","author":"Maislin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.279","article-title":"Association between single-slice measurements of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue with volumetric measurements: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"34","author":"Irlbeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-631","article-title":"Waist circumference a good indicator of future risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease","volume":"12","author":"Siren","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486","article-title":"Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III)","volume":"285","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.2.179","article-title":"Hypertriglyceridemic waist: a marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men","volume":"102","author":"Lemieux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1825","article-title":"Visceral Adiposity Index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk","volume":"33","author":"Amato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-5-26","article-title":"The \"lipid accumulation product\" performs better than the body mass index for recognizing cardiovascular risk: a population-based comparison","volume":"5","author":"Kahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039504","article-title":"A new body shape index predicts mortality hazard independently of body mass index","volume":"7","author":"Krakauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20408","article-title":"Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model","volume":"21","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0883","article-title":"METS-IR, a novel score to evaluate insulin sensitivity, is predictive of visceral adiposity and incident type 2 diabetes","volume":"178","author":"Bello-Chavolla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.07.012","article-title":"Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF), a novel estimator of intra-abdominal fat content and cardio-metabolic health","volume":"39","author":"Bello-Chavolla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.409","article-title":"Race-ethnicity-specific waist circumference cutoffs for identifying cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"81","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21449\/ijate.982666","article-title":"Investigation of affective traits affecting mathematics achievement by SEM and MARS methods","volume":"9","author":"Kuddar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Assess Tools Educ"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multivariate adaptive regression splines","volume":"19","author":"Friedman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Statist"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.05.019","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue and body fat mass: predictive values for and role of gender in cardiometabolic risk among Turks","volume":"26","author":"Onat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","article-title":"Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach","volume":"44","author":"DeLong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90676-9","article-title":"Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women","volume":"73","author":"Pouliot","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi298","article-title":"Commentary: Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk among the young and old\u2013is BMI the wrong benchmark","volume":"35","author":"Flint","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0801891","article-title":"General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe [published correction appears","volume":"359","author":"Pischon","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02672.x","article-title":"Body mass index and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hospitalized elderly patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"26","author":"Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.11.058","article-title":"Central obesity and survival in subjects with coronary artery disease: a systematic review of the literature and collaborative analysis with individual subject data","volume":"57","author":"Coutinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.0080","article-title":"Estimating the number of deaths due to obesity: can the divergent findings be reconciled","volume":"16","author":"Manson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114112","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114112","article-title":"Surrogate markers of visceral adiposity in young adults: waist circumference and body mass index are more accurate than waist hip ratio, model of adipose distribution and visceral adiposity index","volume":"9","author":"Borruel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2012-0307","article-title":"The Visceral Adiposity Index: Relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors in obese and overweight postmenopausal women\u2013a MONET group study","volume":"38","author":"Elisha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78035-5","article-title":"Comparisons of conventional and novel anthropometric obesity indices to predict metabolic syndrome among vegetarians in Malaysia","volume":"10","author":"Ching","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0912-2","article-title":"Using different anthropometric indices to assess prediction ability of type 2 diabetes in elderly population: a 5 year prospective study","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.23.12729","article-title":"Increased adipose tissue in male and female estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice","volume":"97","author":"Heine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.25","article-title":"Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition","volume":"32","author":"Lovejoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.5.685","article-title":"A single threshold value of waist girth identifies normal-weight and overweight subjects with excess visceral adipose tissue","volume":"64","author":"Lemieux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2006.21.6.1048","article-title":"Cut-off values of visceral fat area and waist circumference: diagnostic criteria for abdominal obesity in a Korean population","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.66.987","article-title":"Examination Committee of Criteria for 'Obesity Disease' in Japan; Japan Society for the Study of Obesity. New criteria for 'obesity disease' in Japan","volume":"66","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ J"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1411678\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T12:30:57Z","timestamp":1721910657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1411678\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1411678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1411678","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"article-number":"1411678"}}