{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:25:58Z","timestamp":1791419158270,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Remnant cholesterol (RC) predicts cardiovascular risk and is associated with a range of diseases, including asthma, hypertension, depression, periodontitis, and alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, its correlation with abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) has not been reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a cross-sectional approach, this study examined data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle. Multiple logistic regression, generalized summation models, and subgroup analyses were used in examining the correlation between RC and the prevalence of severe AAC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean age of participants in this study was 57.70 \u00b1 11.73 years, with 142 individuals (9.67%) suffering from severe AAC. The median RC was 0.52 mmol\/L (Q1-Q3, 0.36-0.75 mmol\/L). Among female participants, a significant positive correlation was observed between RC and severe AAC (per natural log [RC] increment: 2.14; 95% CI, 1.07-4.27). Smooth curve fitting and threshold effect analysis revealed a saturation effect at an RC level of 0.57 mmol\/L. Conversely, in male participants, no significant correlation was found between RC and the prevalence of severe AAC (per natural log [RC] increment: 0.88; 95% CI, 0.43-1.78). Our findings suggest a significant interaction between gender and RC in relation to severe AAC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for interaction = 0.0042).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher RC levels were significantly associated with an increased prevalence of severe AAC in women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1415424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T04:27:05Z","timestamp":1726460825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gender-specific correlations between remnant cholesterol and severe abdominal aortic calcification in American adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Laisha","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013233","article-title":"The impact of abdominal fat on abdominal aorta calcification measured on non-enhanced CT","volume":"97","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.05.020","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of abdominal aortic calcium by gender and age group in a community-based cohort (from the Framingham Heart Study)","volume":"110","author":"Chuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.09.011","article-title":"Abdominal aortic calcium and multi-site atherosclerosis: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"214","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-301464","article-title":"Calcification of the abdominal aorta as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.11.1529","article-title":"Abdominal aortic calcific deposits are an important predictor of vascular morbidity and mortality","volume":"103","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303268","article-title":"Abdominal aortic calcium, coronary artery calcium, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Criqui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017205","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017205","article-title":"Prognostic value of abdominal aortic calcification: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"10","author":"Leow","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.12.005","article-title":"Quantifying atherogenic lipoproteins for lipid-lowering strategies: consensus-based recommendations from EAS and EFLM","volume":"294","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13059","article-title":"Contribution of remnant cholesterol to cardiovascular risk","volume":"288","author":"Langsted","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Internal Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3457005\/v1","article-title":"Association between remnant cholesterol and risk of asthma: NHANES 2005-2018","volume-title":"Res Sq.","author":"Zheng","year":"2023"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.830347","article-title":"High remnant cholesterol level potentiates the development of hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04770-4","article-title":"Association of remnant cholesterol with depression among US adults","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3413356","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3413356","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol as an independent predictor of periodontitis: A population-based study","volume":"2023","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac283","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol predicts long-term mortality of patients with metabolic dysfunction\u2013associated fatty liver disease","volume":"107","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01573-y","article-title":"Association of remnant cholesterol with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a general population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.07163.x","article-title":"Factors associated with calcification of the abdominal aorta in hemodialysis patients","volume":"56","author":"Kimura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.10.006","article-title":"The differential associations between HDL, non-HDL and total cholesterols and atherosclerotic calcium deposits in multiple vascular beds","volume":"194","author":"Allison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.01.060","article-title":"Effect of simvastatin (80 mg) on coronary and abdominal aortic arterial calcium (from the coronary artery calcification treatment with zocor [CATZ] study)","volume":"99","author":"Terry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.02.001","article-title":"Aortic calcification progression in heterozygote familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"33","author":"Al Kindi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-01037-3","article-title":"LDL-C: the only causal risk factor for ASCVD. Why is it still overlooked and underestimated","volume":"24","author":"Ferhatbegovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscl Rep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00184","article-title":"The forgotten lipids: triglycerides, remnant cholesterol, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"40","author":"Sandesara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine Rev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac783","article-title":"What is \u2018remnant cholesterol\u2019","author":"St\u00fcrzebecher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oxford Univ Press US;"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.08.1026","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease","volume":"61","author":"Varbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.10.008","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol, not LDL cholesterol, is associated with incident cardiovascular disease","volume":"76","author":"Casta\u00f1er","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.913869","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: metabolism, mechanism, evidence, and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.11.008","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol as a cause of ischemic heart disease: evidence, definition, measurement, atherogenicity, high risk patients, and present and future treatment","volume":"141","author":"Varbo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33276-y","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol can identify individuals at higher risk of metabolic syndrome in the general population","volume":"13","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.12.035","article-title":"Associations of remnant cholesterol with cardiovascular and cancer mortality in a nationwide cohort","volume":"69","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Bull"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283613a94","article-title":"Cholesterol and atherosclerosis: modulation by oestrogen","volume":"24","author":"Barton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.19.9.2189","article-title":"Coronary and aortic calcification among women 8 years after menopause and their premenopausal risk factors: the healthy women study","volume":"19","author":"Kuller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309054","article-title":"Estrogen receptor control of atherosclerotic calcification and smooth muscle cell osteogenic differentiation","volume":"37","author":"McRobb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00143-9","article-title":"Does hormone replacement therapy inhibit coronary artery calcification","volume":"89","author":"Shemesh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071513","article-title":"Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification","volume":"356","author":"Manson","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.44202","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol, a valuable biomarker for assessing arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular risk: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad107","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol: a reliable prognostic marker","volume":"31","author":"Pirillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1415424\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T04:27:09Z","timestamp":1726460829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1415424\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1415424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1415424","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"article-number":"1415424"}}