{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:52:09Z","timestamp":1792093929681,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endocannabinoids and their <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs) and 2monoacyl-glycerols (2-MAGs) congeners are involved in the central and peripheral regulation of energy homeostasis, they are present in human milk and are associated with obesity. Infants exposed <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are more likely to develop obesity. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to compare the profile of eCBome mediators in milk of women with gestational diabetes (GDM+) and without (GDM-) and to assess the association with offspring growth. The hypothesis is that the eCBome of GDM+ human milk is altered and associated with a difference in infant growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Circulating eCBome mediators were measured by LC-MS\/MS in human milk obtained at 2 months postpartum from GDM+ (n=24) and GDM- (n=29) women. Infant weight and height at 2 months were obtained from the child health record. Z-scores were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Circulating Npalmitoylethanolamine (PEA) was higher in human milk of GDM+ women than in GDM- women (4.9 \u00b1 3.2 vs. 3.3 \u00b1 1.7, p=0.04). Higher levels were also found for several 2monoacyl-glycerols (2-MAGs) (p&amp;lt;0.05). The levels of NAEs (\u03b2=-4.6, p=0.04) and especially non-omega-3 NAEs (B=-5.6, p=0.004) in human milk were negatively correlated with weight-for-age z-score of GDM+ offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The profile of eCBome mediators in human milk at 2 months postpartum was different in GDM+ compared to GDM- women and was associated with GDM+ offspring growth at 2 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:uri>, identifier (NCT04263675 and NCT02872402).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1415630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T05:00:27Z","timestamp":1718254827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The human milk endocannabinoidome and neonatal growth in gestational diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Fradet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Castonguay-Paradis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Dugas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Perron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"St-Arnaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Marc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Doyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Flamand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadil","family":"Dahhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Di Marzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Veilleux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Robitaille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers dec"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399\u2212406","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.4.10307","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Alfadhli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342","article-title":"The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Plows","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJMS oct"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55\u221264","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1057-0","article-title":"Associations of infant milk feed type on early postnatal growth of offspring exposed and unexposed to gestational diabetes in utero","volume":"56","author":"Aris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094\u2212101","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12238","article-title":"Breastfeeding in women with diabetes: lower rates despite greater rewards. 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