{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:15:23Z","timestamp":1792818923747,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between serum total bilirubin (STB) concentrations and the risk of overactive bladder (OAB) remains uncertain. This study aims to explore the potential connection between STB and OAB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database for the years 2001-2020. Weighted multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis assessed the relationship between STB and OAB. Interaction analyses on subgroups were performed to validate the findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 28,958 participants, with 5,313 identified as having OAB. The results from the fully adjusted models revealed an odds ratio (OR) of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97, 0.99) and a statistically significant <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value of less than 0.001 for the relationship between STB and OAB. Notably, individuals in the second and third tertiles exhibited significant differences compared to those in the lowest STB tertile, with respective odds ratios (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> values) of 0.88 (0.04) and 0.80 (&amp;lt;0.001). RCS analysis indicated a non-linear association between STB and OAB (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for nonlinearity = 0.042), with an inflection point at 16.8 \u03bcmol\/L. The association between STB and OAB exhibited consistency across various subgroups, except for stratification by age and diabetes status(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for interaction = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively), indicating a stronger correlation in individuals younger than 60 years or those without diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest an inverse association between STB concentrations below 16.8 \u03bcmol\/L and the incidence of OAB. Bilirubin could potentially serve as an intervention or risk assessment tool for OAB in future studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1421426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T05:12:14Z","timestamp":1736831534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations between serum total bilirubin and overactive bladder from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunbao","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23508","article-title":"An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the assessment of sexual health of women with pelvic floor dysfunction","volume":"37","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10010","article-title":"Prevalence and correlation of urinary incontinence and overactive bladder in Taiwanese women","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-002-0301-4","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2014.11.019","article-title":"Affective symptoms and the overactive bladder - a systematic review","volume":"78","author":"Vrijens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23513","article-title":"The economic burden of overactive bladder (OAB) and its effects on the costs associated with other chronic, age-related comorbidities in the United States","volume":"37","author":"Durden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.02.038","article-title":"A comprehensive review of overactive bladder pathophysiology: on the way to tailored treatment","volume":"75","author":"Peyronnet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.03.096","article-title":"Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in the ischemic overactive bladder","volume":"178","author":"Azadzoi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.2019.23.issue-6","article-title":"Nerve sprouting and neurogenic inflammation characterize the neurogenic detrusor overactive bladder of patients no longer responsive to drug therapies","volume":"23","author":"Traini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2019","article-title":"Molecular Physiology and Pathophysiology of Bilirubin Handling by the Blood, Liver, Intestine, and Brain in the Newborn","volume":"100","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3029864","article-title":"Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance","volume":"235","author":"Stocker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2021.2020773","article-title":"Pharmaceutical strategies for preventing toxicity and promoting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of bilirubin","volume":"37","author":"Nocentini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.004","article-title":"Gilbert\u2019s syndrome revisited","volume":"79","author":"V\u00edtek","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2022.08.031","article-title":"Relationship between marijuana use and overactive bladder (OAB): A cross-sectional research of NHANES 2005 to 2018","volume":"136","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/2090598X.2023.2221403","article-title":"The prevalence of overactive bladder and its impact on the quality of life: A cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Qudah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab J Urol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.04.029","article-title":"PEGylated bilirubin nanoparticle as an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory demulcent in pancreatic islet xenotransplantation","volume":"133","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020179","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants as immunomodulators in exercise: implications for heme oxygenase and bilirubin","volume":"11","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-019-0994-z","article-title":"Bilirubin safeguards cardiorenal and metabolic diseases: a protective role in health","volume":"21","author":"Hinds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11130","article-title":"Bilirubin, a cardiometabolic signaling molecule","volume":"72","author":"Hinds","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29080430","article-title":"Integrative multi-omics analysis for the determination of non-muscle invasive vs. Muscle invasive bladder cancer: A pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14020738","article-title":"Ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) enhances the apoptosis- inducing potential of TRAIL in cancer cells","volume":"14","author":"Szliszka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.44116","article-title":"Identification of a bilirubin receptor that may mediate a component of cholestatic itch","volume":"8","author":"Meixiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1186848","article-title":"Associations between exposure to organophosphate esters and overactive bladder in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1421426\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1736831541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1421426\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1421426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1421426","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"article-number":"1421426"}}