{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:49:27Z","timestamp":1787788167492,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to compare the distribution of plantar pressure and anterior-posterior (AP) or medial-lateral (ML) shear forces in healthy younger (HY) people, healthy older (HO) people, and diabetic patients, both in static standing and during gait.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 20 HY adults, 16 HO adults and 15 diabetic patients were included. The static mechanical distribution measurements included: static horizontal, AP slope plane, and left\/right slope standing. Data collected during the gait cycle encompassed the plantar pressure-time integral (PTI), peak pressure (PP), AP\/ML shear force-time integral (AP-STI\/ML-STI), and AP\/ML peak shear force (AP-PS\/ML-PS). The plantar surface was segmented into regions including hallux (HL), 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>~5<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> toes (T<jats:sub>2-5<\/jats:sub>), 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> metatarsal head (M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>~3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup> metatarsal heads (M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub>), 4<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>~5<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> metatarsal heads (M<jats:sub>4-5<\/jats:sub>), lateral foot arch (LA), and heel regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The HO group exhibited increased static pressure in M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub> and heel regions and AP shear force in the entire plantar and M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> regions, in comparison to the HY group. The diabetes group showed increased static pressure in entire plantar, M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub> and heel regions and AP shear force in the entire plantar, T<jats:sub>2-5<\/jats:sub>, M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub> and heel regions. During gait, the HO group exhibited increased PTI in the whole plantar, T<jats:sub>2-5<\/jats:sub>, M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub>, and M<jats:sub>4-5<\/jats:sub> regions, while the diabetes group showed increased PTI in the whole plantar, M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub> regions. The HO group showed increased PP in the whole plantar, M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and heel regions, while decreased in the M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub> region. The diabetes group showed increased PP in the whole plantar, T<jats:sub>2-5<\/jats:sub>, M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub>, M<jats:sub>4-5<\/jats:sub> and heel regions. The HO group showed increased AP-STI in the T<jats:sub>2-5<\/jats:sub>, M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, and M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub> regions, while the diabetes group showed increased AP-STI in the whole plantar, M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub> and heel regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that both static and dynamic plantar pressures and shear forces are significantly greater in diabetic patients and HO individuals compared to HY adults. The most substantial increases was occurred under the M<jats:sub>2-3<\/jats:sub> and heel regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1433928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T04:26:41Z","timestamp":1732508801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The correlation between Diabetes and age-related degeneration and the static and dynamic 3D mechanical distribution of different plantar regions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiong-gang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-xi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-tian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m997","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American Diabetes Association: national cross sectional study","volume":"369","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.2.217","article-title":"Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes","volume":"293","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-020-00383-2","article-title":"Five year mortality and direct costs of care for people with diabetic foot complications are comparable to cancer","volume":"13","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13973","article-title":"The cost of diabetic foot ulcers and amputations to the National Health Service in England","volume":"36","author":"Kerr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2014.10.006","article-title":"The diabetic foot","volume":"43","author":"Boulton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"179","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of callus in the diabetic foot","volume-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev","author":"Arosi","year":"2016"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2007.00378.x","article-title":"What are the most effective interventions in preventing diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"5","author":"Lavery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-93-3-214","article-title":"High plantar pressure and callus in diabetic adolescents. 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