{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:52:41Z","timestamp":1793332361094,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amputation confers disabilities upon patients and is linked to cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. We aimed to compare the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) between individuals following amputation with those of the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a population-based retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Health Insurance Service database. A total of 21,343 individuals with amputation during 2010\u20132018 and their 1:3 age- and sex-matched controls was included. We conducted Cox proportional hazard analysis to calculate the risk of T2DM among individuals with amputation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the 4.2 \u00b1 2.5 year mean follow-up period, there were 912 incident T2DM cases (10.7 per 1,000 person-years) among individuals with amputation. Individuals with amputation had a higher risk for T2DM (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03\u20131.20) compared with matched controls. The risks were increased further when accompanied with disability; those with severe disability had a higher risk of T2DM (aHR 1.77, 95% CI 1.20\u20132.60) than matched controls. Individuals with proximal upper limb amputation (aHR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.18) and proximal lower limb amputation (aHR 3.60, 95% CI 1.50\u20138.64) had a higher risk of T2DM compared with matched controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with amputation were at significantly greater risk for T2DM than the general population, particularly those with severe disability and proximal amputation. Innovative strategies that improve and support the long-term T2DM risk for severely injured individuals with proximal amputation are warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1437860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T05:32:31Z","timestamp":1736227951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Increased risk of type 2 diabetes after traumatic amputation: a nationwide retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bongseong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won 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