{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:40:12Z","timestamp":1791286812987,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271960, 22327901, 82270612, 82102026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271960, 22327901, 82270612, 82102026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016359","name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTXM2024015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTXM2024015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective observational study investigates the heterogeneity of hepatic and pancreatic fat deposition and its implications for metabolic health in individuals with obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 706 patients with obesity underwent an MRI to quantify liver and pancreatic fat. Patients were classified into four groups based on fat deposition: no fat (None), fatty pancreas only (NAFPD), fatty liver only (NAFLD), and both conditions (NAFLD+NAFPD). Biochemical profiles, insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR), and \u03b2-cell function were analyzed. A series of multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the independent effects of characteristics on glucose, insulin, and C-peptide at 0h. Another multiple linear regression was performed to evaluate the effects of basic characteristics on average liver fat, mean pancreatic fat, and visceral fat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority (76.63%) exhibited both NAFLD and NAFPD, highlighting the heterogeneity of fat deposition among individuals with obesity. Groups with fatty liver displayed significantly higher fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR levels than those without fatty liver (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Fatty pancreas alone did not significantly influence these metabolic parameters (P &amp;gt; 0.05). This underscores the greater metabolic impact of hepatic fat compared to pancreatic fat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study confirms the complex heterogeneity of fat deposition in obesity, with the fatty liver being a more influential factor in metabolic disturbances than the fatty pancreas. The prevalent co-occurrence of NAFLD and NAFPD in this population underscores the need for targeted management strategies focusing on hepatic fat reduction to mitigate metabolic risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1447750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T04:22:08Z","timestamp":1728361328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploring the heterogeneity of hepatic and pancreatic fat deposition in obesity: implications for metabolic 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