{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T23:20:25Z","timestamp":1775863225975,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a pivotal hormone that regulates serum calcium and phosphate and is closely associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). PTH can undergo oxidation at methionine 8 and methionine 18 of the molecule. This oxidation process leads to a lower binding affinity to the PTH receptor due to molecular refolding, particularly for PTH oxidized at methionine 8. Although, the oxidation of PTH has been reported for several decades, it is only recently that a method has been developed to detect non-oxidized PTH (n-oxPTH) levels. The utilization of this assay enables the precise detection of n-oxPTH levels and facilitates the evaluation of their correlation with poor prognosis in patients with CKD. However, the current available clinical research findings indicate that n-oxPTH does not demonstrate clinical superiority over iPTH. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the mechanism of PTH oxidation, the n-oxPTH assay method, and its correlation with iPTH and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1455783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T05:11:42Z","timestamp":1735881102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unlocking the mysteries of n-oxPTH: implications for CKD patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huixia","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.06.041","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone metabolism and signaling in health and chronic kidney disease","volume":"90","author":"Evenepoel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04260413","article-title":"CKD-mineral and bone disorder and risk of death and cardiovascular hospitalization in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"8","author":"Block","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3636-1","article-title":"Low serum intact parathyroid hormone level is an independent risk factor for overall mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in incident dialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650030316","article-title":"Effects of oxidation of human parathyroid hormone on its biological activity in continuously infused, thyroparathyroidectomized rats","volume":"3","author":"Horiuchi","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi049151v","article-title":"A structural and mechanistic study of the oxidation of methionine residues in hPTH(1-34) via experiments and simulations","volume":"43","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa216","article-title":"Ligand-dependent effects of methionine-8 oxidation in parathyroid hormone peptide analogues","volume":"162","author":"Daley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(86)90632-6","article-title":"The role of the methionine residues in the structure and function of parathyroid hormone","volume":"244","author":"Frelinger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.03.020","article-title":"Oxidation of parathyroid hormone","volume":"506","author":"Ursem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1984.64.3.985","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone: biochemical aspects of biosynthesis, secretion, action, and metabolism","volume":"64","author":"Habener","year":"1984","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-104-6-1778","article-title":"Effects of plasma calcium concentration on the relative proportion of hormone and carboxyl fragments in parathyroid venous blood*","volume":"104","author":"Maye","year":"1979","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.74.3.1740486","article-title":"The modulation of circulating parathyroid hormone immunoheterogeneity in man by ionized calcium concentration","volume":"74","author":"D\u2019Amour","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-008-0032-8","article-title":"Stimulating parathyroid cell proliferation and PTH release with phosphate in organ cultures obtained from patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism for a prolonged period","volume":"27","author":"Nakajima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-2-935","article-title":"Influence of calcium and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on proliferation and proto-oncogene expression in primary cultures of bovine parathyroid cells*","volume":"125","author":"Kremer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-119-6-2864","article-title":"Suppression by 1,25(OH)2D3 of transcription of the pre-proparathyroid hormone gene","volume":"119","author":"Russell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005471200","article-title":"A conserved cis-acting element in the parathyroid hormone 3\u2032-untranslated region is sufficient for regulation of RNA stability by calcium and phosphate","volume":"276","author":"Kilav","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32409","article-title":"The parathyroid is a target organ for FGF23 in rats","volume":"117","author":"Ben-Dov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1988.255.6.E886","article-title":"Peripheral metabolism of PTH: fate of biologically active amino terminus","volume":"255","author":"Bringhurst","year":"1988","journal-title":"vivo Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490301","article-title":"Large carboxy-terminal parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragment with a relatively longer half-life than 1-84 PTH is secreted directly from the parathyroid gland in humans","volume":"149","author":"Yamashita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.065490","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone monitoring during total parathyroidectomy for renal hyperparathyroidism: pilot study of the impact of renal function and assay specificity","volume":"52","author":"Bieglmayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0024","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone secretion and action: evidence for discrete receptors for the carboxyl-terminal region and related biological actions of carboxyl-terminal ligands","volume":"26","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1658941","article-title":"A G protein-linked receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide","volume":"254","author":"J\u00fcppner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650051008","article-title":"Characterization of the major parathyroid hormone target cell in the endosteal metaphysis of rat long bones","volume":"5","author":"Rouleau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705194200","article-title":"Determination of dual effects of parathyroid hormone on skeletal gene expression in vivo by microarray and network analysis","volume":"282","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012030323","article-title":"Deficiency of the calcium-sensing receptor in the kidney causes parathyroid hormone\u2013independent hypocalciuria","volume":"23","author":"Toka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57407","article-title":"PTH-independent regulation of blood calcium concentration by the calcium-sensing receptor","volume":"122","author":"Loupy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00100.2006","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone-dependent endocytosis of renal type IIc Na-P i cotransporter","volume":"292","author":"Segawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.302","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone prevents 1,25 (OH)2D3 induced down-regulation of the vitamin D receptor in growth plate chondrocytes in vitro","volume":"52","author":"Klaus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-118-4-1583","article-title":"Human parathyroid hormone inhibits renal 24-hydroxylase activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by a mechanism involving adenosine 3\u2019,5\u2019-monophosphate in rats","volume":"118","author":"Shigematsu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00158-G","article-title":"Oxidation of methionyl residues in proteins: Tools, targets, and reversal","volume":"18","author":"Vogt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040242","article-title":"Measuring parathyroid hormone (PTH) in patients with oxidative stress\u2013do we need a fourth generation parathyroid hormone assay","volume":"7","author":"Hocher","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)91041-0","article-title":"Oxidized forms of parathyroid hormone with biological activity. Separation and characterization of hormone forms oxidized at methionine 8 and methionine 18","volume":"259","author":"Frelinger","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000350149","article-title":"Modeling of oxidized PTH (oxPTH) and non-oxidized PTH (n-oxPTH) receptor binding and relationship of oxidized to non-oxidized PTH in children with chronic renal failure, adult patients on hemodialysis and kidney transplant recipients","volume":"37","author":"Hocher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39415-3","article-title":"Effect of methionine oxidation and deletion of amino-terminal residues on the conformation of parathyroid hormone. Circular dichroism studies","volume":"265","author":"Zull","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.159.3814.545","article-title":"Renal adenyl cyclase: anatomically separate sites for parathyroid hormone and vasopressin","volume":"159","author":"Chase","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(84)90006-6","article-title":"Cardiac actions and structural-activity relationship of parathyroid hormone on isolated frog atrium","volume":"55","author":"Sham","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)80068-7","article-title":"Purification and assay of bovine parathyroid hormone by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"223","author":"Zanelli","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B BioMed Sci App"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10641968209061584","article-title":"Structure and vascular activity relationship of parathyroid hormone and some hypotensive peptides","volume":"4","author":"Pang","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens A"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02546246","article-title":"The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone: V. Collected biological studies","volume":"18","author":"Neuman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0630117","article-title":"Effect of oxidation on biological and immunological activity of porcine parathyroid hormone","volume":"63","author":"O\u2019Riordan","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41611-6","article-title":"Analysis of the requirements for parathyroid hormone action in renal membranes with the use of inhibiting analogues","volume":"250","author":"Goltzmann","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-97-4-1014","article-title":"Interaction of parathyroid hormone with membranes of kidney cortex: degradation of the hormone and activation of adenylate cyclase 1","volume":"97","author":"Chu","year":"1975","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1985.249.5.E437","article-title":"Comparison of renal and osseous binding of parathyroid hormone and hormonal fragments","volume":"249","author":"Demay","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-115-6-2375","article-title":"Absence of biological effects of oxidized parathyroid hormone-(1\u20133 4) in dogs and rats*","volume":"115","author":"Galceran","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(90)90100-d","article-title":"Characterization of the interaction of parathyroid hormone with the mitochondrial ATPase","volume":"282","author":"Laethem","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1340913","article-title":"Binding of parathyroid hormone to bovine kidney-cortex plasma membranes","volume":"134","author":"Sutcliffe","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1016281031373","article-title":"Oxidation of recombinant human parathyroid hormone: effect of oxidized position on the biological activity","volume":"12","author":"Nabuchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.49.5.613","article-title":"Immunoassay of bovine and human parathyroid hormone","volume":"49","author":"Berson","year":"1963","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/33.8.1364","article-title":"Highly sensitive two-site immunoradiometric assay of parathyrin, and its clinical utility in evaluating patients with hypercalcemia","volume":"33","author":"Nussbaum","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5496710","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone measurement in chronic kidney disease: from basics to clinical implications","volume":"2019","author":"Kritmetapak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12743","article-title":"PTH assays in dialysis patients: Practical considerations","volume":"32","author":"Soliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000455289","article-title":"Why current PTH assays mislead clinical decision making in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"136","author":"Hocher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.4.805","article-title":"A non-(1\u201384) circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragment interferes significantly with intact PTH commercial assay measurements in uremic samples","volume":"44","author":"Lepage","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.11.6236","article-title":"A Novel Immunoradiometric Assay Detects Full-Length Human PTH but not Amino-Terminally Truncated Fragments: Implications for PTH Measurements in Renal Failure","volume":"84","author":"John","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr614","article-title":"Variation in parathyroid hormone immunoassay results\u2013a critical governance issue in the management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"26","author":"Sturgeon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12844","article-title":"PTH determination in hemodialyzed patients-A laboratory perspective","volume":"32","author":"Cavalier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr535","article-title":"Interpretation of serum PTH concentrations with different kits in dialysis patients according to the KDIGO guidelines: importance of the reference (normal) values","volume":"27","author":"Cavalier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2011.011094","article-title":"Current parathyroid hormone immunoassays do not adequately meet the needs of patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"49","author":"Almond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem Int J Lab Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.137323","article-title":"Selected reaction monitoring\u2013mass spectrometric immunoassay responsive to parathyroid hormone and related variants","volume":"56","author":"Lopez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.134643","article-title":"Quantification of serum 1\u201384 parathyroid hormone in patients with hyperparathyroidism by immunocapture in situ digestion liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"56","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1178166","article-title":"Inverse correlation of intact PTH, oxidized PTH as well as non-oxidized PTH with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"14","author":"Zuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.03.025","article-title":"The percentage of non-oxidized PTH concentration remains stable over a period of 1 year in hemodialyzed patients","volume":"506","author":"Cavalier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab013","article-title":"Chemical characterization and quantification of circulating intact PTH and PTH fragments by high-resolution mass spectrometry in chronic renal failure","volume":"67","author":"Kritmetapak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000596R","article-title":"Relationship between GFR intact PTH, oxidized PTH, non-oxidized PTH as well as FGF23 in patients with CKD","volume":"34","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.12.024","article-title":"Non-oxidized parathyroid hormone (PTH) measured by current method is not superior to total PTH in assessing bone turnover in chronic kidney disease","volume":"99","author":"Ursem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.022","article-title":"Non-oxidized PTH (n-oxPTH) is associated with graft loss in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"508","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06620617","article-title":"Association of nonoxidized parathyroid hormone with cardiovascular and kidney disease outcomes in chronic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Seiler-Mussler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2139","article-title":"Nonoxidized, biologically active parathyroid hormone determines mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"98","author":"Tepel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0097","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on plasma non-oxidised PTH in a randomised clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Ursem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2017-0313","article-title":"Oxidation of PTH: in vivo feature or effect of preanalytical conditions","volume":"56","author":"Ursem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1455783\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T05:11:46Z","timestamp":1735881106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1455783\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1455783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1455783","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"article-number":"1455783"}}