{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T21:11:19Z","timestamp":1794431479405,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Growth hormone (GH) could improve the outcomes of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in patients with decreased ovarian reserve (DOR), but which age group will benefit the most has remained controversial. This study aims to explore the outcome of IVF-ET among differently aged patients with DOR treated with GH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 846 patients with DOR undergoing IVF-ET from May 2018 to June 2023 at the Reproductive Medicine Center of Sichuan Provincial Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital were prospectively enrolled. The patients were divided into group A (&amp;lt; 35 year old, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 399), group B (35 ~ 40 year old, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 286), and group C (&amp;gt; 40 year old, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 161). Each group was sub-divided into the GH part and the control part, with the former receiving pretreatment with GH 4 IU\/day on day 2 of the previous menstrual cycle before the injection of gonadotrophin (Gn) until the trigger day. The ovarian stimulation protocol was gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-A) or long-acting GnRH agonist protocol. The quality of oocytes and embryos and the outcome of pregnancy were compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In group B, the number (1.16 \u00b1 0.12 vs. 0.74 \u00b1 0.09) and rate (34.27% vs. 23.90%) of high-quality cleavage embryos, rate of implantation (32.37% vs. 22.35%), clinical pregnancy (48.98% vs. 33.67%), and live birth (44.90% vs. 29.59%) were significantly higher, whereas the canceled oocyte retrieval rate was significantly lower (1.49% vs. 6.58%) in the GH part than those of the control part (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). In group B, the duration and dose of Gn, number of oocyte retrieved, and rates of normal fertilization, cleavage embryo, blastocyst, high-quality blastocyst, and early miscarriage were not significantly different between the GH and control parts (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). In groups A and C, no significant difference was detected in the quality of embryos and outcomes of embryo transfer with or without pretreatment (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>GH could improve the quality of embryos and live birth rate for patients with DOR aged 35\u201340 years old.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1457866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T05:11:45Z","timestamp":1736831505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The effects of growth hormone on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in age-grouped patients with decreased ovarian reserve: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiexiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xumei","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zonghui","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Li\u2212Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.02.026","article-title":"Managing poor ovarian response in the patient with diminished ovarian reserve","volume":"117","author":"Cedars","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155099","article-title":"Investigation of the prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve in Korean women of reproductive age","volume":"12","author":"Rihwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.827678","article-title":"Editorial: diminished ovarian reserve and poor ovarian response: diagnostic and therapeutic management","volume":"13","author":"Annalisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz046","article-title":"Adjuvant treatment strategies in ovarian stimulation for poor responders undergoing IVF: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-023-01158-6","article-title":"Diminished ovarian reserve may not be associated with a poorer fresh cycle outcome in women < 38 years","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmab018","article-title":"Is diminished ovarian reserve a risk factor for miscarriage? 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