{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T22:45:58Z","timestamp":1781563558757,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), an autoimmune disease closely related to thyroid dysfunction, remains a challenging ophthalmic condition among adults. Its clinical manifestations are complex and diverse, and disease progression can lead to exophthalmos, diplopia, exposure keratitis, corneal ulceration, and compressive optic neuropathy, resulting in irreversible vision damage or even blindness. Traditional treatment methods for TAO, including glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and radiation therapy, often have limitations and side effects, making this disease problematic in ophthalmology. As a result, the development of novel targeted drugs has become a research hotspot for addressing the pathogenesis of TAO. A range of novel targeted drugs, such as teprotumumab and tocilizumab, have been successfully developed and demonstrated remarkable efficacy in relieving inflammation and managing this disease. In addition, some drug candidates and molecular targets identified in the TAO <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> model have shown promising prospects. This article briefly reviews the potential new strategies for future clinical treatment and the progress of new drug therapies for TAO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1469268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T05:11:15Z","timestamp":1736745075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Novel perspectives on the pharmacological treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zilin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.615993","article-title":"Epidemiology, natural history, risk factors, and prevention of graves\u2019 Orbitopathy","volume":"11","author":"Bartalena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1275","article-title":"Incidence and clinical presentation of moderate to severe graves\u2019 orbitopathy in a Danish population before and after iodine fortification of salt","volume":"97","author":"Laurberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0905750","article-title":"Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"362","author":"Bahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283499446","article-title":"The pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease: implications for immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Douglas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.77.5.8077301","article-title":"Cytolytic T cells with Th1-like cytokine profile predominate in retroorbital lymphocytic infiltrates of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"77","author":"de Carli","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00959.x","article-title":"Association of thyrotrophin receptor antibodies with the clinical features of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"52","author":"Gerding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin endocrinology."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0087","article-title":"Oxidative stress and upregulation of antioxidant proteins, including adiponectin, in extraocular muscular cells, orbital adipocytes, and thyrocytes in graves\u2019 Disease associated with orbitopathy","volume":"25","author":"Marique","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid: Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0945","article-title":"Distinct inflammatory gene expression in extraocular muscle and fat from patients with Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"176","author":"Romero-Kusabara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J endocrinology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0126","article-title":"Clinical implications of immunoglobulin G4 to graves\u2019 Ophthalmopathy","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid: Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01708.x","article-title":"and cytokine profile in orbital tissue of active vs","volume":"58","author":"Wakelkamp","year":"2003","journal-title":"inactive Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy patients. 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