{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:37:17Z","timestamp":1791067037654,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication with potential short- and long-term adverse consequences for both mothers and fetuses. It is unclear whether GDM affects linear growth in the offspring; research data are limited and inconsistent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a prospective birth cohort in Shanghai (n=2055 children; 369 born to mothers with GDM). We sought to evaluate the impact of GDM on longitudinal linear growth in early childhood. Length\/height was measured in children at birth, 6 weeks, 6 months, 1, 2 and 4 years of age. Multivariate linear regression and generalized estimating equation models were employed to assess the impact of GDM on length\/height for age Z score (LAZ\/HAZ).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Average birth length was similar in infants of GDM <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. euglycemic mothers. Adjusting for maternal and child characteristics, the children of mothers with GDM had consistently lower LAZ\/HAZ compared to children of mothers without diabetes at ages 6 weeks, 6 months, 1, 2 and 4 years. GDM was associated with a 0.12 (95% confidence intervals 0.04-0.21) deficit in LAZ\/HAZ in the growth trajectory from birth to age 4 years after adjusting for maternal and child characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>GDM was associated with impaired longitudinal linear growth in early childhood. Further studies are warranted to understand the long-term impact on stature and health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1470678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T04:21:21Z","timestamp":1732681281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gestational diabetes mellitus and linear growth in early 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