{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:10:58Z","timestamp":1791821458740,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, has presented multifaceted health challenges. COVID-19 primarily targets the respiratory system but also affects multiple organ systems, including the endocrine system. Emerging evidence suggests interactions between thyroid function, the acute phase of COVID-19, and the prolonged symptoms known as post-COVID sequalae or long COVID. Several studies have reported that COVID-19 can induce thyroid dysfunction, leading to conditions such as thyroiditis and alterations in thyroid hormone levels. The mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 affects the thyroid include direct viral infection of thyroid cells, leading to viral thyroiditis, which causes inflammation and transient or sustained thyroid dysfunction, as well as an excessive systemic immune response (cytokine storm). This is associated with elevated levels of cytokines, such as IL-6, that disrupt thyroid function and lead to nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). Medications administered during the acute illness phase, such as corticosteroids and antiviral drugs, can also impact thyroid hormone actions. The involvement of the thyroid gland in long COVID, or postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is an area not well defined, with potential implications for understanding and managing this condition. Persistent low-grade inflammation affecting thyroid function over time can lead to ongoing thyroiditis or exacerbate pre-existing thyroid conditions. Viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, can trigger or worsen autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and Graves\u2019 disease. Long COVID may disrupt the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis, which can, in turn, affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, leading to abnormal thyroid function. This review was designed to systematically capture recent literature on COVID-19-related thyroid dysfunction in the adult population, the prognostic consequences of thyroid dysfunction during COVID-19, and the effects of thyroid dysfunction on patients with long COVID. A comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE databases was conducted. The systematic review was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Study quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). A total of 53 studies met the inclusion criteria. The review summarises recent findings and provides an update of the current understanding of thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19-related spectrum of disorders, underscoring the complex nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its far-reaching impacts on human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1477389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:28:20Z","timestamp":1738628900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Thyroid function during COVID-19 and post-COVID complications in adults: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anisha","family":"Panesar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palma","family":"Gharanei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Khovanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Grammatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00946-w","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Lui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.614030","article-title":"Thyroid hormones interaction with immune response, inflammation and non-thyroidal illness syndrome","volume":"8","author":"De Luca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S332705","article-title":"SARS-coV-2: emerging role in the pathogenesis of various thyroid diseases","volume":"14","author":"Murugan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0184","article-title":"Early and late endocrine complications of COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Kazakou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine connections"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-22-0005","article-title":"Detection of Sars-Cov-2 antigens in thyroid gland showing histopathological features of subacute thyroiditis","volume":"11","author":"Jakovac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-22-0074","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in thyroid follicular cells from a COVID-19 autopsy series","volume":"11","author":"Sofia Macedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196365","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity and SARS-coV-2 infection","volume":"12","author":"Fallahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2023.2170829","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction as a long-term post-COVID-19 complication in mild-to-moderate COVID-19","volume":"37","author":"Vesselina Yanachkova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2023.101742","article-title":"COVID-induced thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"37","author":"Brancatella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2022.18.1.58","article-title":"Thyroid function during and after COVID-19 infection: A review","volume":"18","author":"Cabuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"TouchREVIEWS Endocrinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035720","article-title":"Hashimoto's thyroiditis-related myopathy in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case report and systematic literature review","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0029","article-title":"Thyroid hormone alterations in critically and non-critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"10","author":"Vassiliadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine connections"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01599-0","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19 patients","volume":"44","author":"Baldelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J endocrinological Invest"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endien.2020.10.010","article-title":"Subacute De Quervain thyroiditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"68","author":"Alvarez Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinologia Diabetes y nutricion"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.12301","article-title":"A case of post-COVID-19 subacute thyroiditis","volume":"12","author":"Mehmood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa537","article-title":"Is subacute thyroiditis an underestimated manifestation of SARS-coV-2 infection? Insights from a case series","volume":"105","author":"Brancatella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01316-3","article-title":"A case of subacute thyroiditis associated with Covid-19 infection","volume":"43","author":"Asfuroglu Kalkan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J endocrinological Invest"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad235","article-title":"Subacute THYROiditis related to SARS-coV-2 VAccine and covid-19 (THYROVAC study): A multicenter nationwide study","volume":"108","author":"Batman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24702","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24702","article-title":"Endocrine and metabolic manifestations of COVID-19 patients admitted to an intensive care unit","volume":"14","author":"Arora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47995","article-title":"New-onset graves' Disease with thyroid storm after COVID-19 infection","volume":"15","author":"Shermetaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11795476231181560","DOI":"10.1177\/11795476231181560","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis complicating COVID-19 infection","volume":"16","author":"Henke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Case Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-22-0200","article-title":"Long-term outcome of thyroid abnormalities in patients with severe Covid-19","volume":"12","author":"Muller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semerg.2022.101834","article-title":"Graves disease: A new association with COVID-19","volume":"49","author":"Franca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semergen"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e134","article-title":"Concurrent subacute thyroiditis and graves' Disease after COVID-19: A case report","volume":"38","author":"Nham","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102154","article-title":"Risk of autoimmune diseases following COVID-19 and the potential protective effect from vaccination: a population-based cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8402725","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8402725","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis after COVID-19 infection with a delay in graves' Disease antibody positivity","volume":"2023","author":"Boyle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Rep Endocrinol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1126683","article-title":"Increased prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease after COVID-19: A single-center, prospective study","volume":"14","author":"Rossini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecr.2021.100094","article-title":"Manifestations of thyroid disease post COVID-19 illness: Report of Hashimoto thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and subacute thyroiditis","volume":"22","author":"Feghali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Trans Endocrinol Case Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-244909","article-title":"Hashimoto's thyroiditis following SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"14","author":"Knack","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endien.2021","article-title":"Painless thyroiditis in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Tiroiditis indolora en infeccion por SARS-CoV-2","volume":"10","author":"Barahona San Millan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinolog\u00eda, Diabetes y Nutrici\ufffdn (English ed.)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26924","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26924","article-title":"Painless subacute thyroiditis in a patient with acute COVID-19 infection: A transient event","volume":"14","author":"Dolkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"003470","DOI":"10.12890\/2022_003470","article-title":"Graves' Disease caused by SARS-coV-2 infection","volume":"9","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Case Rep Internal Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.02.006","article-title":"Euthyroid sick syndrome as a prognostic indicator of COVID-19 pulmonary involvement, associated with poorer disease prognosis and increased mortality","volume":"28","author":"Swistek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine Pract"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01714-1","article-title":"Euthyroid sick syndrome as an early surrogate marker of poor outcome in mild SARS-CoV-2 disease","volume":"45","author":"Sparano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J endocrinological Invest"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.40.9.26358","article-title":"Assessment of thyroid function of newly diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in Nigeria","volume":"40","author":"Okwor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00766-x","article-title":"Prognostic significance of low TSH concentration in patients with COVID-19 presenting with non-thyroidal illness syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC endocrine Disord"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.01.001","article-title":"Sick euthyroid syndrome on presentation of patients with COVID-19: A potential marker for disease severity","volume":"27","author":"Schwarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine Pract"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8891539","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8891539","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19","volume":"2020","author":"Campos-Barrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep Endocrinol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000511707","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis in COVID-19 patients","volume":"9","author":"Sohrabpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.14815","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 fatigue: A case of infectious hypothyroidism","volume":"13","author":"Whiting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2021.100871","article-title":"A 33-year-old man with COVID-19 presented with subacute thyroiditis: A rare case report and literature review","volume":"41","author":"Davoodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Microbes New infections"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-020-00230-w","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis in a patient infected with SARS-COV-2: an endocrine complication linked to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"20","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens Greece)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000446","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19 infection: a report of an increasing entity","volume":"66","author":"Hajosi-Kalcakosz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211061","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2211061","article-title":"A case of subacute thyroiditis following COVID-19 infection","volume":"2022","author":"Elawady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep Endocrinol"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"141","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis after COVID-19","author":"Tjonnfjord","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.09.011","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"361","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.7913-21","article-title":"Successful management of subacute thyroiditis following SARS-coV-2 infection","volume":"60","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internal Med (Tokyo Japan)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.6092","article-title":"A case of post COVID-19 subacute thyroiditis","volume":"10","author":"Al-Shammaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5937\/jomb0-34934","article-title":"Effects of covid-19 infection on thyroid functions","volume":"41","author":"Gezer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Biochem"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.1109","article-title":"Thyroid hormone profile and its prognostic impact on the coronavirus disease 2019 in Korean patients","volume":"36","author":"Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul Korea)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23247096211056497","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096211056497","article-title":"Two cases of severe autoimmune thyrotoxicosis following SARS-coV-2 infection","volume":"9","author":"Edwards","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Invest Med High impact Case Rep"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2021-141429","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis following recovery from COVID-19 infection: novel clinical findings from an Eastern Indian cohort","volume":"99","author":"Mondal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Postgraduate Med J"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmac136","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis and thyroid inflammatory nodule secondary to COVID-19: a primary care case report","author":"De Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Family practice"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.566439","article-title":"Euthyroid sick syndrome in patients with COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.623792","article-title":"Thyroid function abnormalities in COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326587","article-title":"Hypothyroidism is associated with prolonged COVID-19- induced anosmia: a case\u2013 control study","volume":"92","author":"Georgios Tsivgoulis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2021.413","article-title":"Coronavirus as a trigger of graves' Disease","volume":"17","author":"Urbanovych","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta endocrinologica (Bucharest Romania: 2005)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aace.2020.12.005","article-title":"Graves' Thyrotoxicosis following SARS-coV-2 infection","volume":"7","author":"Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"AACE Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000511872","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis from COVID-19 infection: A case report and review of literature","volume":"9","author":"Khatri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa276","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis after sars-COV-2 infection","volume":"105","author":"Brancatella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.850328","article-title":"Nonthyroidal illness syndrome: to treat or not to treat? Have we answered the question? A review of metanalyses","volume":"13","author":"Sciacchitano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1041676","article-title":"COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far","volume":"13","author":"Rossetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00225-9","article-title":"Thyroid function in critically ill patients","volume":"3","author":"Fliers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15432","article-title":"Risk factors, treatment and outcomes of subacute thyroiditis secondary to COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Christensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internal Med J"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102314","article-title":"Systematic review of COVID-19 and autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"47","author":"Tutal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.708333","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 and the thyroid - progress and perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Inaba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02103-1","article-title":"Insights into SARS-CoV-2-associated subacute thyroiditis: from infection to vaccine","volume":"20","author":"Ziaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221082898","article-title":"Potential relationships between COVID-19 and the thyroid gland: an update","volume":"50","author":"Naguib","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032389","article-title":"A literature review on SARS-coV-2 and other viruses in thyroid disorders: environmental triggers or no-guilty bystanders","volume":"20","author":"Gorini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02863-2","article-title":"Correlation between inflammatory parameters and pituitary\u2013thyroid axis in patients with COVID-19","volume":"74","author":"Ilera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1477389\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:28:24Z","timestamp":1738628904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1477389\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1477389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1477389","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"article-number":"1477389"}}