{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:38:58Z","timestamp":1784126338019,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the differences in clinical-related factors between patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and those without diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to explore the risk factors or protective factors affecting DR in T2DM patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a retrospective analysis of 380 patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to Handan Central Hospital from June 2023 to May 2024. Clinical data collected included baseline characteristics, hematological tests, metabolic indicators, and information on diabetic complications and comorbidities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings identified intervention, neck vascular disease, bilateral lower limb venous thrombosis, high creatinine, high glomerular filtration rate, high chloride, high fasting C-peptide, and high lactate dehydrogenase as risk factors for DR. In contrast, High 2-hour postprandial C-peptide is a protective factor for diabetic retinopathy. A logistic regression model was constructed using stepwise regression to predict DR occurrence, achieving an accuracy of 0.80 and an AUC of 0.83.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1484197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T04:26:31Z","timestamp":1732076791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Factors related to type 2 diabetic retinopathy and their clinical application value"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xue-Nan","family":"Lian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Ming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7596","article-title":"Prevalence and ethnic pattern of diabetes and prediabetes in China in 2013","volume":"317","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Adelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.024","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040","volume":"128","author":"Ogurtsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin practice"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39864-w","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy in adults with diabetes in China","volume":"14","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.2289","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the US in 2021","volume":"141","author":"Lundeen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA ophthalmol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.2016.44.issue-4","article-title":"Addressing risk factors, screening, and preventative treatment for diabetic retinopathy in developing countries: a review","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp ophthalmol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.785","article-title":"Beyond hemoglobin A1c\u2013need for additional markers of risk for diabetic microvascular complications","volume":"303","author":"Hirsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1615","article-title":"The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism","volume":"54","author":"Brownlee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.11.012","article-title":"Vascular complications of diabetes: mechanisms of injury and protective factors","volume":"17","author":"Rask-Madsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1265711","article-title":"Correlation between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front endocrinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118779","article-title":"Daidzein ameliorates diabetic retinopathy in experimental animals","volume":"265","author":"Laddha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-07-05179.1995","article-title":"Lactate released by M\u00fcller glial cells is metabolized by photoreceptors from mammalian retina","volume":"15","author":"Poitry-Yamate","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112711","article-title":"Triphala churna ameliorates retinopathy in diabetic rats","volume":"148","author":"Suryavanshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine pharmacother = Biomed pharmacotherapie"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20210010","article-title":"High glucose induces pyroptosis of retinal microglia through NLPR3 inflammasome signaling","volume":"84","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arquivos brasileiros oftalmologia"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.v20:2","article-title":"Pharmacological approach to diabetic retinopathy","volume":"20","author":"De La Cruz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes\/metabolism Res Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.3.818","article-title":"Effect of reinstitution of good glycemic control on retinal oxidative stress and nitrative stress in diabetic rats","volume":"52","author":"Kowluru","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2013.08.011","article-title":"Enzymes involved in l-lactate metabolism in humans","volume":"13","author":"Adeva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1099805","article-title":"Is the level of serum lactate dehydrogenase a potential biomarker for glucose monitoring with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13476","article-title":"Association of lactate dehydrogenase and diabetic retinopathy in US adults with diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J diabetes"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21973","article-title":"Assessment of neurotrophins and inflammatory mediators in vitreous of patients with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"58","author":"Boss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual science"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583687","article-title":"The role of inflammation in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Forrester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is fibrinogen a marker of inflammation in coronary artery disease","volume":"51","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hellenic J cardiology: HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818671","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/818671","article-title":"Inflammation, haemostatic disturbance, and obesity: possible link to pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes","volume":"2013","author":"Tomi\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediators inflammation"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50738-5","article-title":"Association of altered fibrinogen indexes levels as a potential biomarker in determining the possible onset of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.2015.32.issue-5","article-title":"Circulating markers of inflammation and endothelial function, and their relationship to diabetic retinopathy","volume":"32","author":"Sasongko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetic medicine: J Br Diabetic Assoc"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317717823","article-title":"Macrovascular function indices for the prediction of diabetic retinopathy development in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Gouliopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220506","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy is a prognostic factor for progression of chronic kidney disease in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1955","article-title":"More impact of microalbuminuria on retinopathy than moderately reduced GFR among type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.14.25","article-title":"Anemia and diabetic kidney disease had joint effect on diabetic retinopathy among patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual science"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310316","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in China: a multi-hospital-based cross-sectional study","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J ophthalmol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12654","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011","volume":"54","author":"Jee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual science"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16987","article-title":"The association of estimated glomerular filtration rate with diabetic retinopathy and macular edema","volume":"56","author":"Man","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual science"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2018.1456453","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy may predict the renal outcomes of patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renal failure"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.02.007","article-title":"Factor analysis of diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients","volume":"92","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin practice"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.04.004","article-title":"Association of C-peptide with diabetic vascular complications in type 2 diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0085","article-title":"C-peptide and the risk for incident complications and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients: a retrospective cohort study after a 14-year follow-up","volume":"167","author":"Bo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J endocrinol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01300-x","article-title":"The average 30-minute post-prandial C-peptide predicted diabetic retinopathy progress: a retro-prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC endocrine Disord"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.2147","article-title":"Macrophage trafficking, inflammatory resolution, and genomics in atherosclerosis: JACC macrophage in CVD series (Part 2)","volume":"72","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02325-4","article-title":"Association of diabetic retinopathy with plasma atherosclerotic index, visceral obesity index, and lipid accumulation products: NHANES 2005-2008","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health disease"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.03.028","article-title":"High HDL cholesterol: A risk factor for diabetic retinopathy? Findings from NO BLIND study","volume":"150","author":"Sasso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin practice"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0696-x","article-title":"Correction to: Type 2 diabetes-associated carotid plaque burden is increased in patients with retinopathy compared to those without retinopathy","volume":"17","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc diabetology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110975","article-title":"Association of BMI and waist circumference with diabetic microvascular complications: A prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank and Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"205","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin practice"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1244601","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a risk prediction model for diabetes mellitus type 2 patients with vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front endocrinol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082242","article-title":"Systolic and diastolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Bulum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B45","article-title":"Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group","volume":"317","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02328-8","article-title":"The differences of metabolic profiles, socioeconomic status and diabetic retinopathy in U.S. working-age and elderly adults with diabetes: results from NHANES 1999-2018","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta diabetologica"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142274","article-title":"Inter-relations between dietary patterns and glycemic control-related biomarkers on risk of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.v176.13","article-title":"Retinal and circulating miRNA expression patterns in diabetic retinopathy: An in silico and in vivo approach","volume":"176","author":"Platania","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1484197\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T04:26:37Z","timestamp":1732076797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1484197\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1484197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1484197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"article-number":"1484197"}}