{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:27:14Z","timestamp":1793726834981,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to explore the risk factors in the progression of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relevant studies were comprehensively searched from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase up to March 12. Data extraction was performed. Differences in risk factors were presented as odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). The quality of the included studies was assessed through the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This meta-analysis encompassed 46 studies involving a total of 196,494 patients. The factors most strongly associated with the risk of developing T2DM following GDM were the use of progestin-only contraceptives (odds ratio [OR]: 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00\u20134.45, P = 0.049), recurrence of GDM (OR: 2.63, 95% CI = 1.88\u20133.69, P &amp;lt; 0.001), insulin use during pregnancy (OR: 4.35, 95% CI = 3.17\u20135.96, P &amp;lt; 0.001), pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (OR: 2.97, 95% CI = 2.16\u20134.07, P &amp;lt; 0.001), BMI after delivery (OR: 4.17, 95% CI = 2.58\u20136.74, P &amp;lt; 0.001), macrosomia (OR: 3.30, 95% CI = 1.45\u20137.49, P = 0.04), hypertension (OR: 5.19, 95% CI = 1.31\u201320.51, P = 0.019), and HbA1c levels (OR: 3.32, 95% CI = 1.81\u20136.11, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Additionally, age (OR: 1.71, 95% CI = 1.23\u20132.38, P = 0.001), family history of diabetes (OR: 1.47, 95% CI = 1.27\u20131.70, P &amp;lt; 0.001), BMI during pregnancy (OR: 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00\u20131.12, P = 0.056), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (OR: 1.58, 95% CI = 1.36\u20131.84, P &amp;lt; 0.001), 1-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (OR: 1.38, 95% CI = 1.02\u20131.87, P = 0.037), and 2-hour OGTT (OR: 1.54, 95% CI = 1.28\u20131.58, P &amp;lt; 0.001) were identified as moderate-risk factors for the development of T2DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The systematic review and meta-analysis identified several moderate- to high-risk factors associated with the progression of T2DM in individuals with a history of GDM. These risk factors include the use of progestin-only contraceptives, pre-pregnancy BMI, BMI after delivery, macrosomia, hypertension, persistently elevated levels of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), 1-hour and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), age, and family history of diabetes. Our findings serve as evidence for the early prevention and clinical intervention of the progression from GDM to T2DM and offer valuable insights to guide healthcare professionals in formulating customized management and treatment strategies for female patients with diverse forms of GDM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/<\/jats:uri>, identifier CRD42024545200.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1486861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T05:10:33Z","timestamp":1734930633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kaiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xijian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shikui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-195706000-00008","article-title":"Evaluation of the prediabetic state during pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Carrington","year":"1957","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00825-0","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes","volume":"404","author":"Sweeting","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6869.37","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: a non-entity","volume":"306","author":"Jarrett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2017.02.002","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: diagnosis, classification, and clinical care","volume":"44","author":"Mack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0305","article-title":"Overweight and the metabolic syndrome in adult offspring of women with diet-treated gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes","volume":"94","author":"Clausen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002488","article-title":"Increased risk of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus, a target group in general practice for preventive interventions: A population-based cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Daly","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1361","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1361","article-title":"Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"369","author":"Vounzoulaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1012244","article-title":"Progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed by IADPSG criteria: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Juan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_852_18","article-title":"Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review & meta-analysis","volume":"154","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0699-x","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational diabetes and risk of progression to type 2 diabetes: a global perspective","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108625","article-title":"The absolute and relative risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 129 studies","volume":"171","author":"Dennison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.12.1461","article-title":"Validity of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality clinical practice guidelines: how quickly do guidelines become outdated","volume":"286","author":"Shekelle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023)","author":"Higgins","year":"2023"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-0746","article-title":"Predictors of postpartum diabetes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"55","author":"L\u00f6bner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0521","article-title":"Detailed physiological characterization of the development of type 2 diabetes in Hispanic women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"59","author":"Xiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318220e18f","article-title":"Early possible risk factors for overt diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"118","author":"G\u00f6bl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0457-8","article-title":"Progression from gestational diabetes to type 2 diabetes in one region of Scotland: an observational follow-up study","volume":"15","author":"Eades","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154921","article-title":"Is uric acid a missing link between previous gestational diabetes mellitus and the development of type 2 diabetes at a later time of life","volume":"11","author":"Mol\u0119da","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.04.002","article-title":"Delivery of an LGA infant and the maternal risk of diabetes: A prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Hakkarainen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.11.2750","article-title":"Elevated homocysteine as a risk factor for the development of diabetes in women with a previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus: a 4-year prospective study","volume":"28","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.06.003","article-title":"Waist circumference is the key risk factor for diabetes in Korean women with history of gestational diabetes","volume":"71","author":"Cho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20722","article-title":"Prepregnancy body mass index and weight change on postpartum diabetes risk among gestational diabetes women","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21696","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.21696","article-title":"The risk factors and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in women with previous gestational diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Valizadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-1113","article-title":"Weight gain and progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"100","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jjns.2016.13.issue-1","article-title":"Predictors of type 2 diabetes among Taiwanese women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1654-4","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the development of postpartum diabetes in Japanese women with gestational diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Kugishima","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ19-0367","article-title":"Risk factors during the early postpartum period for type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with gestational diabetes","volume":"67","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252442","article-title":"High pre-pregnancy BMI with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women","volume":"16","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.v31.7-8","article-title":"Risk factors for women with gestational diabetes mellitus developing type 2 diabetes and the impact on children\u2019s health","volume":"31","author":"Chiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109826","article-title":"Characteristics of pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus and the consecutive pregnancy as predictors for future diabetes mellitus type 2","volume":"186","author":"Yefet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.1276","article-title":"Risk and risk factors for postpartum type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with gestational diabetes: A korean nationwide cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002036","article-title":"Risk of gestational diabetes recurrence and the development of type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes and risk factors: a study among 18 clinical centers in China","volume":"135","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.11.1246","article-title":"Greater risk of type 2 diabetes progression in multifetal gestations with gestational diabetes: the impact of obesity","volume":"231","author":"Naeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.6.943","article-title":"Gestational diabetes is a herald of NIDDM in Navajo women. High rate of abnormal glucose tolerance after GDM","volume":"20","author":"Steinhart","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.6.533","article-title":"Contraception and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Latina women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"280","author":"Kjos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-1940","article-title":"Long-acting injectable progestin contraception and risk of type 2 diabetes in Latino women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Xiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01459.x","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus following gestational diabetes: role of subsequent pregnancy","volume":"115","author":"Russell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3747","article-title":"Healthful dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"172","author":"Tobias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2011.3318","article-title":"Racial differences in the association between gestational diabetes mellitus and risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001425","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001425","article-title":"Preeclampsia as a risk factor for diabetes: a population-based cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Feig","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.1795","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary behaviors associated with risk of progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study","volume":"174","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.2016.33.issue-7","article-title":"Sex of the baby and future maternal risk of Type 2 diabetes in women who had gestational diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3537-4","article-title":"Long-term risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in relation to BMI and weight change among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.108712","article-title":"Long-term risk of type 2 diabetes in relation to habitual iron intake in women with a history of gestational diabetes: a prospective cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1642","article-title":"Low carbohydrate-diet scores and long-term risk of type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.285841","article-title":"Dietary intakes and circulating concentrations of branched-chain amino acids in relation to incident type 2 diabetes risk among high-risk women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"64","author":"Tobias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.05.010","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational diabetes and subsequent Type 2 diabetes among U.S. women","volume":"141","author":"Casagrande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/biores.2018.0043","article-title":"After gestational diabetes: impact of pregnancy interval on recurrence and type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Bernstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biores Open Access"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2237","article-title":"Lactation duration and long-term risk for incident type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Ley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23291","article-title":"Adiposity, related biomarkers, and type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: The Diabetes Prevention Program","volume":"30","author":"Wander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2124669","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.24669","article-title":"Association of habitual alcohol consumption with long-term risk of type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Hinkle","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac241","article-title":"Habitual coffee consumption and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in individuals with a history of gestational diabetes - a prospective study","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3763","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.v40.1","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes metabolomics score and risk of progression to type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"40","author":"Tobias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2005.05.001","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: the significance of persistent fasting hyperglycemia for the subsequent development of diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Cheung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1816","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: clinical predictors and long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study using survival analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.v32.2","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: greater than fourfold risk among Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous Australian women","volume":"32","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109092","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes among first nations women in Australia: The PANDORA study","volume":"181","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002865","article-title":"Progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors after hyperglycemia first detected in pregnancy: A cross-sectional study in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"16","author":"Chivese","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genm.2008.12.002","article-title":"Antepartum glucose tolerance test results as predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","author":"Golden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gend Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3927-2","article-title":"Quantification of the type 2 diabetes risk in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 95,750 women","volume":"59","author":"Rayanagoudar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101674","article-title":"The pancreatic \u03b2-cell in ageing: Implications in age-related diabetes","volume":"80","author":"Tudur\u00ed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530323666230822095932","article-title":"Investigation of pancreatic-beta cells role in the biological process of ageing","volume":"24","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05185-6","article-title":"Functional changes in beta cells during ageing and senescence","volume":"63","author":"Aguayo-Mazzucato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9947","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102432","article-title":"Aging and stress induced \u03b2 cell senescence and its implication in diabetes development","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-016-9884-3","article-title":"Obesity and related consequences to ageing","volume":"38","author":"Jura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.2013.30.issue-5","article-title":"Insulin resistance: a risk marker for disease and disability in the older person","volume":"30","author":"Krentz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0153","article-title":"[amp]]beta;-cell dysfunction in women with previous gestational diabetes is associated with visceral adipose tissue distribution","volume":"173","author":"Lekva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88880","article-title":"Skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.v42.11","article-title":"Adipose tissue dysfunction and visceral fat are associated with hepatic insulin resistance and severity of NASH even in lean individuals","volume":"42","author":"Saponaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08899-6","article-title":"Immunology of aging: the birth of inflammaging","volume":"64","author":"Fulop","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101156","article-title":"Single-cell analyses of aging, inflammation and senescence","volume":"64","author":"Uyar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.v119.1","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha: role in development of insulin resistance and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"119","author":"Akash","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2017019712","article-title":"Role of interleukin-6 in development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Rehman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0202","article-title":"Progesterone induces apoptosis of insulin-secreting cells: insights into the molecular mechanism","volume":"221","author":"Nunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0564","article-title":"Increased incidence of gestational diabetes in women receiving prophylactic 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for prevention of recurrent preterm delivery","volume":"30","author":"Rebarber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181a9454b","article-title":"Effect of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate on glucose intolerance in pregnancy","volume":"114","author":"Waters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795171","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/795171","article-title":"Role of the unfolded protein response in \u03b2 cell compensation and failure during diabetes","volume":"2014","author":"Rabhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2021.1899242","article-title":"Spexin alleviates hypertension, hyperuricaemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in high fructose diet induced metabolic syndrome in rats via enhancing PPAR-\u03b3 and AMPK and inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1","volume":"129","author":"Said","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050388","article-title":"A Drosophila model targets Eiger\/TNF\u03b1 to alleviate obesity-related insulin resistance and macrophage infiltration","volume":"16","author":"Mirzoyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2013.0078","article-title":"IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 induced obesity-related inflammatory response through transcriptional regulation of miR-146b","volume":"34","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-020-00408-8","article-title":"Insulin resistance the hinge between hypertension and type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Mancusi","year":"2020","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-03747-9","article-title":"Association between triglyceride-glucose index and hypertension: a cohort study based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2009-2015)","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.07.010","article-title":"Roles of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction in macrosomia among Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Primary Care Diabetes"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.06.014","article-title":"Interactive effects of prepregnancy overweight and gestational diabetes on macrosomia and large for gestational age: a population-based prospective cohort in Tianjin, China","volume":"154","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Practice"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051835","article-title":"The diabetes mellitus-atherosclerosis connection: the role of lipid and glucose metabolism and chronic inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Poznyak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-021-00283-8","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1\/JMJD1A signaling regulates inflammation and oxidative stress following hyperglycemia and hypoxia-induced vascular cell injury","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-023-10470-x","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus to accelerated atherosclerosis: shared cellular and molecular mechanisms in glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110673","article-title":"Combining HbA1c and insulin resistance to assess the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study","volume":"199","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201901_16742","article-title":"Correlations of insulin resistance and HbA1c with cytokines IGF-1, bFGF and IL-6 in the aqueous humor of patients with diabetic cataract","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040823","article-title":"Effects of diet, lifestyle, chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial glycemia and insulin resistance","volume":"14","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-014-3675-7","article-title":"Insulin resistance and beta cell function before and after sleeve gastrectomy in obese patients with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i6.786","article-title":"Oral glucose tolerance test in diabetes, the old method revisited","volume":"12","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102032","article-title":"Metabolic effects of an oral glucose tolerance test compared to the mixed meal tolerance tests: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Lages","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2023.2263788","article-title":"The effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Ghoreishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/tim.v9i3.16536","article-title":"Unveiling the metabolic effects of ganoderma lucidum in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Alvianto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Traditional Integr Med"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v14.i6.808","article-title":"Effect of resveratrol in gestational diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1486861\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T05:10:39Z","timestamp":1734930639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1486861\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1486861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1486861","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"article-number":"1486861"}}