{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T16:59:50Z","timestamp":1793465990964,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insulin resistance (IR) contributes substantially to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic disorders, particularly obesity. The homeostatic model assessment of IR is a prevalent IR indicator, but insulin measurement is quite impractical for widely use. Given its convenience and accessibility, the triglyceride\u2212glucose (TyG) index, along with modified indices such as the triglyceride\u2212glucose\u2212waist circumference (TyG\u2212WC) and triglyceride\u2212glucose\u2212waist\u2212height ratio (TyG\u2212WHtR), are gaining recognition as practical tools for assessing IR. This study aimed to investigate the specific correlation between the TyG index and its modified indices with arterial stiffness in an overweight or obese population and to explore novel, self-defined modified TyG indices for identifying individuals at elevated risk for such conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study included 1,143 overweight or obese individuals from 2021 to 2023. Medical data, including brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), were collected. Two novel modified TyG indices, TyG-1h and TyG-2h, were defined by substituting the fasting glucose level in the TyG formula with 1-hour and 2-hour post-load plasma glucose levels, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify parameters that demonstrated a statistically significant correlation with arterial stiffness, defined as a baPWV threshold of \u2265 1400 cm\/s. Additionally, restricted cubic spline (RCS) modelling was employed to further explore these relationships in a visually interpretable manner. To evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of the conventional TyG index and its novel modified versions, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings revealed that individuals with arterial stiffness presented significantly elevated TyG index and all its modified versions (P&amp;lt; 0.05). By utilizing a binary logistic regression model and adjusting for potential confounders, we determined that all TyG-related parameters independently correlated with an increased risk of developing arterial stiffness. Moreover, TyG-WHtR displayed the best correlation (OR 3.071, 95% CI 1.496-6.303) when stratified by quartiles, followed by TyG-1h (OR 2.298, 95% CI 1.248-4.234) and TyG-2h (OR 2.115, 95% CI 1.175-3.807). ROC curves suggested that TyG-1h and TyG-2h demonstrated superior diagnostic performance compared to TyG, with AUCs of 0.685, 0.679 and 0.673, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The modified TyG indices exhibited strong effectiveness in identifying arterial stiffness in Chinese overweight or obese individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1499120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T05:10:53Z","timestamp":1734412253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Correlations of the triglyceride\u2212glucose index and modified indices with arterial stiffness in overweight or obese adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0280","article-title":"Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.29","article-title":"Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in cardiovascular disease development","volume":"10","author":"Laakso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Insulin resistance","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Freeman","year":"2023"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12583","article-title":"The TyG index may predict the development of cardiovascular events","volume":"46","author":"S\u00e1nchez-\u00cd\u00f1igo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-014-0146-3","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of lipid ratios, visceral adiposity indicators, and the triglycerides and glucose index as risk markers of insulin resistance","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02278-z","article-title":"Comparison of triglyceride glucose index and modified triglyceride glucose indices in prediction of cardiovascular diseases in middle aged and older Chinese adults","volume":"23","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030022","article-title":"Sex-specific comparison between triglyceride glucose index and modified triglyceride glucose indices to predict new-onset hypertension in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1308265","article-title":"Modified triglyceride-glucose index indices are reliable markers for predicting risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2023.11.006","article-title":"Effectiveness of the triglyceride-glucose index and triglyceride-glucose-related indices in predicting cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older adults: A prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0481-6","article-title":"Insulin resistance in obesity: an overview of fundamental alterations","volume":"23","author":"Barazzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.25.359","article-title":"Validity, reproducibility, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement","volume":"25","author":"Yamashina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2022.10.010","article-title":"Association of the visceral adiposity index with arterial stiffness in elderly Chinese population","volume":"365","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.3.295","article-title":"Use of the oral glucose tolerance test to assess insulin release and insulin sensitivity","volume":"23","author":"Stumvoll","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2008.0034","article-title":"The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects","volume":"6","author":"Simental-Mend\u00eda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14758","article-title":"Association of hypertension with the triglyceride-glucose index and its associated indices in the Chinese population: A 6-year prospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12303","article-title":"Triglyceride glucose index as a surrogate measure of insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents with normoglycemia, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: comparison with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp","volume":"17","author":"Mohd Nor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0692-1","article-title":"Association between triglyceride glucose index and arterial stiffness in Korean adults","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01819-2","article-title":"Association between triglyceride glucose index and arterial stiffness and coronary artery calcification: a systematic review and exposure-effect meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01124-2","article-title":"Positive association between triglyceride glucose index and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients: the China H-type Hypertension Registry Study","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01274-x","article-title":"Stronger association of triglyceride glucose index than the HOMA-IR with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes: a real-world single-centre study","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01342-2","article-title":"Association between triglyceride-glucose index and risk of arterial stiffness: a cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02115-9","article-title":"The association between triglyceride-glucose index and its combination with obesity indicators and cardiovascular disease: NHANES 2003-2018","volume":"23","author":"Dang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.11.042","article-title":"Comparison of the triglyceride glucose index and modified triglyceride glucose indices to predict nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in youths","volume":"242","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.951689","article-title":"Potential screening indicators for early diagnosis of NAFLD\/MAFLD and liver fibrosis: Triglyceride glucose index-related parameters","volume":"13","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.068","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss","volume":"53","author":"Lavie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212963","article-title":"Comparison of triglyceride glucose index, and related parameters to predict insulin resistance in Korean adults: An analysis of the 2007-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01511-x","article-title":"Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases: landscape and limitations","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S368504","article-title":"One-hour post-load plasma glucose levels\u00a0are associated with early arterial stiffness in subjects with different glucose tolerance","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111589","article-title":"International Diabetes Federation Position Statement on the 1-hour post-load plasma glucose for the diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes","volume":"209","author":"Bergman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3634948","article-title":"Insulin resistance and\u00a0endothelial dysfunction constitute a common therapeutic target in cardiometabolic\u00a0disorders","volume":"2016","author":"Janus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0762-4","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Ormazabal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.07.015","article-title":"Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Bornfeldt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.3.7304","article-title":"Clinical review 124: Diabetic dyslipidemia: causes and\u00a0consequences","volume":"86","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011035","article-title":"Ectopic fat in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiometabolic disease [published correction appears in N Engl J Med","volume":"371","author":"Shulman","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa004","article-title":"Metabolically healthy obesity","volume":"41","author":"Bl\u00fcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.1037","article-title":"Healthy weight and obesity prevention: JACC health promotion series","volume":"72","author":"Lavie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-63657-8_1","article-title":"The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome: correlative clinical evaluation based on phenotypes","volume":"1460","author":"Engin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1499120\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T05:10:57Z","timestamp":1734412257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1499120\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1499120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1499120","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"article-number":"1499120"}}