{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:42:38Z","timestamp":1792546958163,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) presents substantial public health challenges, particularly among Medicaid populations. Health coaching has emerged as a promising intervention to improve glycemic control and healthcare utilization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a retrospective pre-post secondary data analysis of 4,583 CalOptima Medicaid recipients with T2DM between March 2015 and August 2023. Patients who received health coaching (n = 3,777) were compared to those who declined (n = 806). Primary outcomes included HbA1c, hospitalizations, and outpatient visits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The coached group experienced a significantly greater reduction in HbA1c (MD = -1.14, SD = 1.98) compared to the non-coached group (MD = -0.80, SD = 1.96; t(4581) = 4.51, p &amp;lt; .001). Ambulatory visits increased significantly among coached participants (p &amp;lt; .001), though hospitalizations showed no significant changes. Logistic regression indicated coached individuals had higher, though not statistically significant, odds of achieving normal HbA1c levels (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.96\u20131.46).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Health coaching was associated with improved glycemic control and increased ambulatory care engagement among Medicaid patients with T2DM. These findings highlight the value of patient-centered interventions in chronic disease management within underserved populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1443490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T04:20:49Z","timestamp":1758082849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Health coaching for individuals with type 2 diabetes: assessing the impact of health coaching on HbA1c, hospitalizations, and outpatient services"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"Gittens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Ernie","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisoo","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Ar\u00e9chiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2004","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: Early detection should be focused","volume":"7","author":"Hossain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25519-9_4","article-title":"The Ecological Approach to Self-Management in Diabetes","volume-title":"The Diabetes Textbook: Clinical Principles, Patient Management and Public Health Issues","author":"Fisher","year":"2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2024.21.2.0591","article-title":"Data-driven approaches to bridging the gap in health communication disparities: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Okolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Adv Res Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898002200252X","article-title":"Disrupting future discounting: a commentary on an underutilised psychological approach for improving adherence to diet and physical activity interventions","volume":"26","author":"Kakoschke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40732-017-0241-4","article-title":"The use of health coaching to improve health outcomes: Implications for applied behavior analysis","volume":"67","author":"Finn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Rec"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2023.102787","article-title":"Exploring the coach-client interaction of virtual health coaching conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Jafar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndrome: Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1988","article-title":"A qualitative study of how health coaches support patients in making health-related decisions and behavioral changes","volume":"14","author":"Thom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Family Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2023.03.011","article-title":"Motivational interviewing\u2014an evidence-based, collaborative, goal-oriented communication approach in lifestyle medicine: A comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Almansour","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2165\/00115677-200715050-00004","article-title":"Health coaching as an intervention in health management programs","volume":"15","author":"Butterworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis Manage Health Outcomes"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1532883","article-title":"Examining quality of care for individuals treated for mental health using the HEDIS mental health quality measures","volume":"35","author":"Ng-Mak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5272","article-title":"Effectiveness of general practice based, practice nurse led telephone coaching on glycaemic control of type 2 diabetes: the Patient Engagement and Coaching for Health (PEACH) pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"2013","author":"Blackberry","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14874-3","article-title":"Behavioural change techniques in health coaching-based interventions for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Almulhim","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0023","article-title":"Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes: A consensus report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"43","author":"Powers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.764735","article-title":"Digital health coaching for type 2 diabetes: randomized controlled trial of healthy at home","volume":"3","author":"Azelton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Digital Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2020.40","article-title":"Implications of language barriers for healthcare: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Al Shamsi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"The Commonwealth Fund 2023 Scorecard on State Health System Performance: Americans\u2019 Health Declines and Access to Reproductive Care Shrinks, But States Have Options","author":"Radley","year":"2023"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Chapter 9: Middle Adulthood \u2013 Lifespan Development","volume-title":"Lifespan Development","year":""},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01035-9","article-title":"Diabetes and frailty: an expert consensus statement on the management of older adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Strain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S016","article-title":"13. Older adults: standards of care in diabetes\u20142023","volume":"46","author":"El Sayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Health coaching by medical assistants improves patients\u2019 chronic care experience","volume":"21","author":"Thom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1069401","article-title":"Diabetes health coach in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quadruple aim outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Racey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.00836","article-title":"Under COVID-19 pandemic: A quasi-experimental trial of observation on diabetes patients\u2019 health behavior affected by the pandemic from a coaching intervention program","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.24926\/iip.v14i1.5444","article-title":"Impact of ambulatory care pharmacist-led management on hemoglobin A1c Values among patients with uncontrolled diabetes in a primary care clinic vs usual care over two years","volume":"14","author":"Mohammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innov Pharm"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00813","article-title":"Editorial: sex and gender aspects in diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Kautzky-Willer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S108","article-title":"Health disparities in diabetes care","volume":"46","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1443490\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T04:20:51Z","timestamp":1758082851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1443490\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1443490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1443490","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"article-number":"1443490"}}