{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T13:35:12Z","timestamp":1771076112305,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) patients and their risk of mortality within 365 days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV) database supplied the patient data for this study, which was categorized into quartiles based on the HGI. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality within a 365-day period. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis was utilized to compare this primary endpoint across the four aforementioned groups. The relationship between the HGI and the endpoint was examined using restricted cubic splines (RCS) and a Cox proportional hazards analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 985 patients were included in this study. HGI was significantly associated with 30 days mortality (15.9%; HR, 0.79; 95% CI, (0.67~0.92); P=0.003) and 60 days mortality (19.3%; HR, 0.83; 95% CI, (0.72~0.96); P=0.011) and 90 days mortality (22.1%; HR, 0.86; 95% CI, (0.75~0.99); P=0.031) and 365 days mortality (30.7%; HR, 0.97; 95% CI, (0.86~1.09); P=0.611) in patients with critical CHF in the completely adjusted Cox proportional risk model. RCS analysis revealed a U-shaped relationship between HGI and outcome events. KM curves survival analysis suggests a correlation between 30 days and 365 days mortality in HGI and CHF patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A higher HGI has a more protective effect than a low HGI for patients with CHF and was directly associated with short-term mortality rates. These findings may be helpful in the management of patients with CHF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1475063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T05:16:01Z","timestamp":1742361361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between Hemoglobin Glycation Index and In-Hospital all-cause mortality of patients with Congestive Heart Failure: a retrospective study utilizing the MIMIC-IV 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