{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:52:18Z","timestamp":1753890738663,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS) was employed to analyze serum metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) in the Yi and Han populations of Yunnan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants included individuals diagnosed with MS and healthy controls from the Yi and Han populations of Yunnan. Serum nontargeted and amino acid-targeted metabolomics analyses were conducted to identify differential serum metabolites (DEMs) and metabolic pathways associated with MS pathogenesis in these two ethnic groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nontargeted metabolomics analysis revealed 2,762 DEMs in the MS group of the Han population, while 1,535 DEMs were identified in the MS group of the Yi population [variable importance in projection (VIP)&amp;gt;1, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05]. Venn analysis highlighted common and unique DEMs between the two populations. KEGG pathway analysis identified seven significantly enriched pathways in the Han group and five in the Yi group, primarily involving amino acid synthesis and metabolism. To investigate the role of amino acids in MS, serum levels of 71 endogenous amino acids were quantified. In the MS group of the Han population, 19 differential amino acids were identified, significantly enriched in pathways related to D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, as well as cysteine and methionine metabolism. In the Yi population, six differential amino acids were identified, with significant enrichment in D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study investigates metabolic differences in metabolic syndrome (MS) between Yi and Han populations through nontargeted and targeted metabolomics approaches, identifying both common and unique metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with MS, especially amino acid metabolic disorders, including glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, which may play critical roles in regulating different metabolic dysfunctions and worth further exploration in MS pathogenesis, which might provide insights for the effective prevention and treatment of MS in various populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1488099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:11:19Z","timestamp":1747195879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nontargeted and targeted metabolic profile of metabolic syndrome patients: a study based on Yi and Han populations in Yunnan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ni","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianyu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ni","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Pi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongjuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingfang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0812-z","article-title":"The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Saklayen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03672-6","article-title":"Trends and influence factors in the prevalence, intervention, and control of metabolic syndrome among US adults, 1999-2018","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among apparently healthy workforce","volume":"31","author":"Roomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.03.006","article-title":"Study of epidemiological characteristics of metabolic syndrome and influencing factors in elderly people in China","volume":"40","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-009-0023-8","article-title":"Ethnic, gender, and age-related differences in patients with the metabolic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Razzouk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"volume-title":"Metabolic Syndrome","year":"2024","author":"Swarup","key":"B6"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103707","article-title":"Multi-stage metabolomics and genetic analyses identified metabolite biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and their genetic determinants","volume":"74","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Effect of lifestyle on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among farmers, migrants with Yi ethnicity and Han population in Sichuan province of China","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320242910.03662023","article-title":"Dietary patterns according to gender and ethnicity associated with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Barbosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cien Saude Colet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01720-3","article-title":"Effects of glycine on metabolic syndrome components: a review","volume":"45","author":"Imenshahidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.795044","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with altered amino acid profile in chinese han population","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9821","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179821","article-title":"Dysregulated metabolic pathways in subjects with obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Mir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.112176","article-title":"Pu-erh tea and theabrownin ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice via potential microbiota-gut-liver-brain interactions","volume":"162","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac901536h","article-title":"Integrated, nontargeted ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography\/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry platform for the identification and relative quantification of the small-molecule complement of biological systems","volume":"81","author":"Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000783","article-title":"Metabolic pathways associated with obesity and hypertension in black caregivers of persons living with dementia","volume":"74","author":"Brewster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204411","article-title":"The association between circulating branched chain amino acids and the temporal risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review & Meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ramzan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.v30.1","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of serum from obese adults with hyperlipemia by UHPLC-Q-TOF MS\/MS","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Chromatogr"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-017-0003-z","article-title":"Ethnic differences in metabolite signatures and type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control analysis among people of South Asian, African and European origin","volume":"7","author":"van Valkengoed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041249","article-title":"Blood metabolite signature of metabolic syndrome implicates alterations in amino acid metabolism: findings from the baltimore longitudinal study of aging (BLSA) and the tsuruoka metabolomics cohort study (TMCS)","volume":"21","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2013.0031","article-title":"Race and sex differences in small-molecule metabolites and metabolic hormones in overweight and obese adults","volume":"17","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11918","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11918","article-title":"Plasma free amino acid profiles predict four-year risk of developing diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in Japanese population","volume":"5","author":"Yamakado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.07.006","article-title":"Amino acid profile and metabolic syndrome in a male Mediterranean population: A cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Ntzouvani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16081","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316081","article-title":"Prevalence of alcohol-related harms in yi and han ethnic groups in a prefecture in yunnan province, China","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1264.2012.00166","article-title":"Comparative analysis of prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome between the elderly Yi and Han nationality population","volume":"11","author":"Yun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin J Mult Organ Dis Elderly"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1687-4","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, medication, control, and risk factors associated with hypertension in Yi ethnic group aged 50 years and over in rural China: the Yunnan minority eye study","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"volume-title":"An Investigation and clinical Research on Metabolic Syndrome of Middle-aged and Elderly People of Yi Nationality in Shilin, Yunnan","year":"2020","author":"Li","key":"B26"},{"volume-title":"Investigation and clinical study of hypertension in Yi people in shilin area, Kunming","year":"2021","author":"Fang","key":"B27"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.2017.21.issue-6","article-title":"Susceptibility loci for metabolic syndrome and metabolic components identified in Han Chinese: a multi-stage genome-wide association study","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.011","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: A report of the american college of cardiology\/american heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1069259","article-title":"Long-term sclerosing therapy of bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"109","author":"Sauerbruch","year":"1984","journal-title":"A prospective course study] Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1308841","article-title":"Metabolic signatures and risk of sarcopenia in suburb-dwelling older individuals by LC-MS-based untargeted metabonomics","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03717-9","article-title":"Anthocyanin improves kidney function in diabetic kidney disease by regulating amino acid metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34537-6","article-title":"Metabolite annotation from knowns to unknowns through knowledge-guided multi-layer metabolic networking","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-061021-022648","article-title":"Sources and sinks of serine in nutrition, health, and disease","volume":"43","author":"Handzlik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.802475x","article-title":"Impact of betaine on pig finishing performance and carcass composition","volume":"80","author":"Lawrence","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.5.914","article-title":"Divergent associations of plasma choline and betaine with components of metabolic syndrome in middle age and elderly men and women","volume":"138","author":"Konstantinova","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020131","article-title":"Betaine supplementation enhances lipid metabolism and improves insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21585-6","article-title":"Serum metabolomics of activity energy expenditure and its relation to metabolic syndrome and obesity","volume":"8","author":"Palmnas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08936-1","article-title":"Assessing the causal association of glycine with risk of cardio-metabolic diseases","volume":"10","author":"Wittemans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716701","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1716701","article-title":"Multifarious beneficial effect of nonessential amino acid, glycine: A review","volume":"2017","author":"Razak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.12.006","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"194","author":"Anand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000706","article-title":"Protein and amino acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"24","author":"Trico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20231212.707","article-title":"Exploration of mechanism of total triterpenoids from fruits of Chaenomeles speciosa against senescent GES-1 cells induced by D-galactose based on Gln\/GLS1\/alpha-KG metabolic axis and mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway","volume":"49","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29465","article-title":"Altered amino acid concentrations in NAFLD: Impact of obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"67","author":"Gaggini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i29.3775","article-title":"Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase and glutamine-cycling pathway: their roles in pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Sookoian","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3390\/children7120270","article-title":"Glutamate-serine-glycine index: A novel potential biomarker in pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Leonetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12060508","article-title":"Identification of insulin resistance biomarkers in metabolic syndrome detected by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS","volume":"12","author":"Alsoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.06.011","article-title":"Amino acid signature predictive of incident prediabetes: A case-control study nested within the longitudinal pathobiology of prediabetes in a biracial cohort","volume":"98","author":"Owei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1058952","article-title":"The association between acylcarnitine and amino acids profile and metabolic syndrome and its components in Iranian adults: Data from STEPs 2016","volume":"14","author":"Taghizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01165","article-title":"Blood metabolomic measures associate with present and future glycemic control in type 2 diabetes","volume":"103","author":"t Hart","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1882927","article-title":"The contribution of gut bacterial metabolites in the human immune signaling pathway of non-communicable diseases","volume":"13","author":"Hosseinkhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115693","article-title":"Metabolomics and cardiovascular risk in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Neves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1469066720964632","article-title":"Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry untargeted metabolomics reveals increased levels of tryptophan indole metabolites in urine of metabolic syndrome patients","volume":"26","author":"Esperanza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester)"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101261","article-title":"Insulin action, type 2 diabetes, and branched-chain amino acids: A two-way street","volume":"52","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01716-0","article-title":"Machine learning of plasma metabolome identifies biomarker panels for metabolic syndrome: findings from the China Suboptimal Health Cohort","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002571","article-title":"Race modifies the association between animal protein metabolite 1-methylhistidine and blood pressure in middle-aged adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"38","author":"Razavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2017-000676","article-title":"Role of dietary histidine in the prevention of obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"5","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020786","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021","volume":"23","author":"Fahed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030848","article-title":"Histidine in health and disease: metabolism, physiological importance, and use as a supplement","volume":"12","author":"Holecek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7898","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097898","article-title":"Mechanisms of oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Masenga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1488099\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:11:24Z","timestamp":1747195884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1488099\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1488099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1488099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-2392"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"article-number":"1488099"}}