{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:38:49Z","timestamp":1791837529683,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the shift in modern lifestyles, the relationship between physical activity (PA) and health has emerged as a significant concern in global public health. A sedentary lifestyle poses a substantial threat to cardiovascular health, particularly through the development of atherosclerosis, the primary pathological basis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a condition influenced by various lifestyle factors. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a critical indicator for predicting cardiovascular disease risk, assesses an individual\u2019s risk of atherosclerosis by reflecting the ratio of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) to triglycerides (TG). Despite the recognized importance of PA, the impact of various physical activity patterns on AIP remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study utilized the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from the United States. PA was assessed via a questionnaire, and participants were categorized into four groups: inactive, insufficiently active, weekend warriors (WW), and regularly active (RA). The AIP was calculated via the ratio of HDL-C to TG, with covariates such as age, sex, race, and body mass index controlled. Multivariate regression analysis served as the primary analytical method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study included a total of 24,504 participants. After adjusting for all potential covariates, RA (\u03b2=-0.044, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.0001) was associated with a significant reduction in AIP compared with WWs (\u03b2=0.01, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.65). Additionally, subgroup analysis and interaction tests showed that the PA-AIP association varied slightly among individuals with different education levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for interaction = 0.07) and marital statuses (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for interaction = 0.09), although these differences were small and did not reach statistical significance. Furthermore, restricted cubic splines (RCS) analysis revealed a significant, nonlinear, and negative correlation between total weekly PA and AIP among inactive individuals (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001, nonlinearity <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001). The study found that 510 minutes of total physical activity per week is a threshold, beyond which the rate of decrease in AIP tends to slow down.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>RA is more effective in reducing AIP than WWs are. For inactive adults, engaging in more than 510 minutes of PA per week significantly reduces the AIP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1511888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T05:11:06Z","timestamp":1741237866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Can weekend warriors and other leisure-time physical activity patterns reduce the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)? A cross-sectional analysis based on NHANES 2007-2018"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yueyue","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingjuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107812","article-title":"Association of sedentary time with risk of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"179","author":"Onagbiye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.122.028180","article-title":"Association of accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior with incident cardiovascular disease","volume":"12","author":"Peter-Marske","year":"2023","journal-title":"Myocardial Infarct Ischem Stroke"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2018.05.002","article-title":"Reversal of coronary atherosclerosis: Role of life style and medical management","volume":"28","author":"Parsons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.11.027","article-title":"Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis of the lower limbs and cardiovascular risk","volume":"340","author":"Poredo\u0161","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.121.18075","article-title":"Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular health: joint relations to the incidence of cardiovascular disease","volume":"78","author":"Vasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"The new atherogenic plasma index reflects the triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol ratio, the lipoprotein particle size and the cholesterol esterification rate: changes during lipanor therapy","volume":"46","author":"Dobi\u00e1sov\u00e1","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vnitrni lekarstvi"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1140215","article-title":"The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a predictor for the severity of coronary artery disease","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02198-y","article-title":"The association of atherogenic index of plasma with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Rabiee Rad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.23-406","article-title":"Association between atherogenic index of plasma and risk of incident major adverse cardiovascular events","volume":"65","author":"Zhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(23)00081-6","article-title":"Social determinants of health and premature death among adults in the USA from 1999 to 2018: a national cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Bundy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1255","article-title":"Validity of the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) in assessing levels and change in moderate-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"14","author":"Cleland","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14854","article-title":"The physical activity guidelines for Americans","volume":"320","author":"Piercy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J sports Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.8014","article-title":"Association of \u201cWeekend Warrior\u201d and other leisure time physical activity patterns with risks for all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality","volume":"177","author":"O\u2019Donovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-9120(01)00263-6","article-title":"The plasma parameter log (TG\/HDL-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate in apoB-lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FER(HDL))","volume":"34","author":"Dobi\u00e1sov\u00e1","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2019.08.009","article-title":"Atherogenic index of plasma: novel predictive biomarker for cardiovascular illnesses","volume":"50","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mac\u00edas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.2488","article-title":"Association of the \u201cWeekend warrior\u201d and other leisure-time physical activity patterns with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"182","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107612","article-title":"Associations of the \u2018weekend warrior\u2019 physical activity pattern with all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality: the Mexico City Prospective Study","volume":"58","author":"O\u2019Donovan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28792","article-title":"The association between different physical activity (PA) patterns and cardiometabolic index (CMI) in US adult population from NHANES, (2007-2016)","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)61125-7","article-title":"Poverty index: who is the poorest of them all","volume":"376","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.04.001","article-title":"Obesity: overview of weight management","volume":"27","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20408","article-title":"Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model","volume":"21","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/m20-1340","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in U.S. Adults: A prospective cohort study","volume":"174","author":"Hicks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1803","article-title":"Inverse association of telomere length with liver disease and mortality in the US population","volume":"6","author":"Rattan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23986","article-title":"The associations of \u201cweekend warrior\u201d and regularly active physical activity with abdominal and general adiposity in US adults","volume":"32","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00430","article-title":"Association between \u201cweekend warrior\u201d physical activity and the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"21","author":"Ning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/41973","article-title":"The associations of weekend warrior activity patterns with the visceral adiposity index in US adults: repeated cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1407423","article-title":"Physical activity patterns and cognitive function in elderly women: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2011-2014","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwac246","article-title":"[amp]]lsquo;Weekend warrior\u2019 and regularly active physical activity patterns confer similar cardiovascular and mortality benefits: a systematic meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17267","article-title":"Exploring exercise-driven exerkines: unraveling the regulation of metabolism and inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199928050-00002","article-title":"Physical activity and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: what is the relationship","volume":"28","author":"Kokkinos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sports Med (Auckland NZ)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152536","article-title":"Prevention Is Better than Cure-Body Composition and Glycolipid Metabolism after a 24-Week Physical Activity Program without Nutritional Intervention in Healthy Sedentary Women","volume":"16","author":"\u015aliwicka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156157","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of aerobic exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"164","author":"Papagianni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00080.2007","article-title":"Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism","volume":"103","author":"Pedersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda Md: 1985)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665110001928","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise and low-grade systemic inflammation","volume":"69","author":"W\u00e4rnberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.023","article-title":"Aerobic vs. resistance exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Hashida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22765","article-title":"The role of weight perception in race differences in BMI among college graduate and non-college graduate women","volume":"28","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring Md)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp329","article-title":"Comparative appraisal of educational inequalities in overweight and obesity among adults in 19 European countries","volume":"39","author":"Roskam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.007","article-title":"Health concordance within couples: a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Meyler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med (1982)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.22119","article-title":"Concordance of cardiovascular risk factors and behaviors in a multiethnic US nationwide cohort of married couples and domestic partners","volume":"3","author":"Shiffman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1511888\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T05:11:09Z","timestamp":1741237869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1511888\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1511888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1511888","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"article-number":"1511888"}}