{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:46:26Z","timestamp":1773837986544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used chemical compound in plastic manufacturing, has become ubiquitous in the environment. Previous studies have highlighted its adverse effects on reproductive function, as BPA exposure reduces testosterone levels. Cholesterol is involved in testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells. However, research on the mechanisms by which BPA affects testosterone synthesis from the perspective of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of BPA on cholesterol levels, lipid droplet accumulation, and testosterone synthesis in TM3 cells and mice via Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1)-mediated RCT. Adult male mice were treated by intraperitoneal injection of corn oil containing BPA (20 mg\/kg) for 7 days. Testes were collected for protein extraction, RNA extraction, Oil red O staining or for Biochemical analysis. Serums were collected for detection of testosterone levels. flow cytometry, CCK8 assay, immunofluorescence or Filipin III staining was used to detect the effect of BPA on the TM3 cells. It was observed that serum and testicular testosterone levels were drastically reduced in BPA-treated mice. Moreover, lipid droplets accumulation and testicular total (TC) and free cholesterol (FC) levels were reduced in the mouse testes. Conversely, testicular high-density lipoprotein (HDL) content was partially elevated. Furthermore, BPA markedly enhanced <jats:italic>Apoa1<\/jats:italic> mRNA and protein expression in the mouse model. Notably, BPA significantly upregulated <jats:italic>Apoa1<\/jats:italic> mRNA and protein level, reduced cholesterol levels and lipid droplets accumulation, and attenuated testosterone synthesis in TM3 cells. In addition, exogenous supplement with 22-hydoxycholesterol promoted testosterone synthesis and alleviated the inhibitory effect of BPA on testosterone synthesis. Taken together, these results suggest that BPA upregulates APOA1 expression, enhances RCT, and ultimately reduces TC and FC levels in the testis. This cholesterol reduction likely led to testosterone synthesis disorders in the model, indicating that BPA inhibits testosterone synthesis in mice by disrupting cholesterol transport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1514105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T05:11:08Z","timestamp":1738041068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bisphenol A attenuates testosterone synthesis via increasing apolipoprotein A1-mediated reverse cholesterol transport in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenzhe","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feilong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuchen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.11.001","article-title":"Bisphenol A is released from polycarbonate drinking bottles and mimics the neurotoxic actions of estrogen in developing cerebellar neurons","volume":"176","author":"Le","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899x\/763\/1\/012024","article-title":"Study of urinary 8-hydroxy-2\u2019-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in rats (Rattus norvegicus) due to bisphenol A (BPA) exposure based on fenton-like reaction","volume":"763","author":"Franklyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1413-81232012000200015","article-title":"Urinary, circulating, and tissue biomonitoring studies indicate widespread exposure to bisphenol A","volume":"17","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cien Saude Colet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06887-0","article-title":"The occurrence and risk assessment of phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals in Egypt\u2019s drinking and source water","volume":"27","author":"Radwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci pollut Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17647-4","article-title":"Occurrence, spatial distribution, and main source identification of ten bisphenol analogues in the dry season of the Pearl River, South China","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci pollut Res"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Health risk of exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA)","volume":"66","author":"Konieczna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00353","article-title":"Bisphenol A and male fertility: myths and realities","volume":"11","author":"Castellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165761","article-title":"Potential mechanisms of bisphenol A (BPA) contributing to human disease","volume":"21","author":"Cimmino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/20133249569","article-title":"Blood and urinary bisphenol A concentrations in children, adults, and pregnant women from China: partitioning between blood and urine and maternal and fetal cord blood","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.09.014","article-title":"Effects of the environmental estrogenic contaminants bisphenol A and 17\u03b1-ethinyl estradiol on sexual development and adult behaviors in aquatic wildlife species","volume":"214","author":"Bhandari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27082572","article-title":"Silibinin and Naringenin against Bisphenol A-Induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish model\u2014Potential flavonoid molecules for new drug design, development, and therapy for neurological disorders","volume":"27","author":"Thayumanavan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2478\/v10001-010-0010-y","article-title":"Residential proximity to environmental sources of persistent organic pollutants and first-time hospitalizations for myocardial infarction with comorbid diabetes mellitus: a 12-year population-based study","volume":"23","author":"Sergeev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2022.06.001","article-title":"BPA disrupts meiosis I in oogonia by acting on pathways including cell cycle regulation, meiosis initiation and spindle assembly","volume":"111","author":"Loup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.133","article-title":"Obesity and persistent organic pollutants: possible obesogenic effect of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"19","author":"Dirinck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.738-744","article-title":"Evaluation of subacute bisphenol\u2013A toxicity on male reproductive system","volume":"8","author":"Karnam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516","article-title":"Developmental exposure to estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and epigenetically regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant 4","volume":"66","author":"Ho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.06.089","article-title":"Bisphenol A and its analogs bisphenol B, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S: Comparative in vitro and in vivo studies on the sperms and testicular tissues of rats","volume":"209","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-01619-1_3","article-title":"Adverse effects of bisphenol A on male reproductive function","volume-title":"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 228","author":"Manfo","year":"2014"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2021.105999","article-title":"Bisphenol A regulates apolipoprotein A1 expression through estrogen receptors and DNA methlylation and leads to cholesterol disorder in rare minnow testis","volume":"241","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9586-6","article-title":"Association of serum cholesterol and cholesterol-lowering drug use with serum sex steroid hormones in men in NHANES III","volume":"21","author":"Mondul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.02.103","article-title":"Effect of lipid metabolism on male fertility","volume":"485","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.11.001","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro short-term bisphenol A exposures disrupt testicular energy metabolism and negatively impact spermatogenesis in zebrafish","volume":"107","author":"Batista-Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38532-1","article-title":"The apolipoprotein multigene family: biosynthesis, structure, structure-function relationships, and evolution","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2014.4","article-title":"Modulation of adipose tissue lipolysis and body weight by high-density lipoproteins in mice","volume":"4","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01045.x","article-title":"Apolipoprotein A-I possesses an anti-obesity effect associated with increase of energy expenditure and up-regulation of UCP1 in brown fat","volume":"15","author":"Ruan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.12.6720","article-title":"Functional lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and high density lipoprotein deficiency in transgenic mice overexpressing human apolipoprotein A-II (\u2217)","volume":"271","author":"Marzal-Casacuberta","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.09.022","article-title":"Cholesterol transfer at the plasma membrane","volume":"290","author":"Axmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1471-4914(02)02289-x","article-title":"Molecular basis of cholesterol homeostasis: lessons from Tangier disease and ABCA1","volume":"8","author":"Oram","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.01.015","article-title":"The exchangeable apolipoproteins in lipid metabolism and obesity","volume":"503","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-16-0072","article-title":"A high-fat diet fed during different periods of life impairs steroidogenesis of rat Leydig cells","volume":"152","author":"Pinto-Fochi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.04.004","article-title":"Testosterone and sexual function in men","volume":"112","author":"Rastrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113947","article-title":"Paternal cadmium exposure affects testosterone synthesis by reducing the testicular cholesterol pool in offspring mice","volume":"242","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab035","article-title":"HDL mediates reverse cholesterol transport from ram spermatozoa and induces hyperactivated motility","volume":"104","author":"Bernecic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.8000","article-title":"Characterization of cholesterol metabolism in Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12948","article-title":"Deciphering structural aspects of reverse cholesterol transport: mapping the knowns and unknowns","volume":"98","author":"Sacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113634","article-title":"Leveraging knowledge of HDLs major protein ApoA1: Structure, function, mutations, and potential therapeutics","volume":"154","author":"Bhale","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2110483118","article-title":"Molecular basis of cholesterol efflux via ABCG subfamily transporters","volume":"118","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(03)00031-0","article-title":"Testicular toxicity of dietarily or parenterally administered bisphenol A in rats and mice","volume":"41","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128020","article-title":"Bisphenol A attenuates testosterone production in Leydig cells via the inhibition of NR1D1 signaling","volume":"263","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2013 \u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.07.015","article-title":"Enhanced GSH synthesis by Bisphenol A exposure promoted DNA methylation process in the testes of adult rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus","volume":"178","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.12.002","article-title":"Bisphenol A reduces testosterone production in TM3 Leydig cells independently of its effects on cell death and mitochondrial membrane potential","volume":"76","author":"Goncalves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.07.004","article-title":"Bisphenol A disrupts steroidogenesis and induces a sex hormone imbalance through c-Jun phosphorylation in Leydig cells","volume":"185","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.01.011","article-title":"Bisphenol A-induced aromatase activation is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 up-regulation in rat testicular Leydig cells","volume":"193","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1174","article-title":"Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by the xenoestrogen bisphenol A is associated with reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and decreased steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in rat Leydig cells","volume":"145","author":"Akingbemi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2015.01.002","article-title":"Adult exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) in Wistar rats reduces sperm quality with disruption of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013testicular axis","volume":"329","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv162","article-title":"Low-dose bisphenol A activates Cyp11a1 gene expression and corticosterone secretion in adrenal gland via the JNK signaling pathway","volume":"148","author":"Lan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0509","article-title":"Cyp17a1 and Cyp19a1 in the zebrafish testis are differentially affected by oestradiol","volume":"216","author":"Hinfray","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.10.008","article-title":"Juvenile exposure to bisphenol A promotes ovarian differentiation but suppresses its growth\u2013Potential involvement of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone","volume":"193","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1991.tb00236.x","article-title":"Extracellular calcium and luteinizing hormone effects on 22-hydroxycholesterol used for testosterone production in mouse Leydig cells","volume":"12","author":"Meikle","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.06.016","article-title":"Melatonin inhibits testosterone synthesis in Roosters Leydig cells by regulating lipolysis of lipid droplets","volume":"189","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36375-6","article-title":"Cholesterol esters form supercooled lipid droplets whose nucleation is facilitated by triacylglycerols","volume":"14","author":"Dumesnil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201710078","article-title":"Autophagy regulates testosterone synthesis by facilitating cholesterol uptake in Leydig cells","volume":"217","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2008.01261.x","article-title":"Retroendocytosis pathway of ABCA1\/apoA-I contributes to HDL formation","volume":"14","author":"Azuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155628","article-title":"Testicular toxicity of bisphenol compounds: Homeostasis disruption of cholesterol\/testosterone via PPAR\u03b1 activation","volume":"836","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31331","article-title":"Bisphenol A exposure may induce hepatic lipid accumulation via reprogramming the DNA methylation patterns of genes involved in lipid metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Ke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.r001610","article-title":"The HDL hypothesis: does high-density lipoprotein protect from atherosclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Vergeer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300133","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein function, dysfunction, and reverse cholesterol transport","volume":"32","author":"Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-021-00906-7","article-title":"APOA1: a protein with multiple therapeutic functions","volume":"23","author":"Cochran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000194291.94269.5a","article-title":"What is so special about apolipoprotein AI in reverse cholesterol transport","volume":"26","author":"Curtiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63480-3","article-title":"Induction of fatal inflammation in LDL receptor and ApoA-I double-knockout mice fed dietary fat and cholesterol","volume":"163","author":"Zabalawi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.19.3.525","article-title":"ApoA1 reduces free cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE\u2013deficient mice transplanted with ApoE\u2013expressing macrophages","volume":"19","author":"Boisvert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1514105\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T05:11:13Z","timestamp":1738041073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1514105\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1514105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1514105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"article-number":"1514105"}}