{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T02:12:07Z","timestamp":1783563127841,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous research has classified sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) into various symptom phenotypes. The cardiovascular risks associated with SDB differ by gender, age, and subtype, with uncertainty about the mediating role of metabolic syndrome in these risks. This study has three primary objectives: (1) to analyze the correlation between SDB and MetS risk across gender-age groups and symptom subtypes, (2) to identify the nocturnal hypoxia parameter most indicative of this relationship, and (3) to evaluate the link between sleep parameters (insomnia, daytime sleepiness, snoring, and sleep duration) and MetS. Combining these parameters into a sleep quality score may improve predictions of health outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants underwent type IV sleep monitoring and completed structured questionnaires. MetS was defined according to the Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (2020 Edition). We conducted a latent class analysis to categorize patients based on SDB symptoms and characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The severity of SDB was independently associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome, particularly in males under 60 and females aged 60 and above. A total of 1,483 SDB patients were categorized into four distinct clusters: Cluster 1 included the pure insomnia group with fewer daytime symptoms; Cluster 2 consisted of the minimally symptomatic group; Cluster 3 comprised the insomnia group with multiple daytime symptoms; and Cluster 4 encompassed the group with upper airway symptoms and sleepiness. Among the SDB subtypes, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. However, the pure insomnia group had the highest prevalence of hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings highlight the importance of considering gender, age differences, and sleep symptom subtypes when evaluating and managing metabolic syndrome. Tailored strategies, early identification, and consideration of different subtypes are necessary to optimize treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1519638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T04:10:32Z","timestamp":1752466232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sleep-disordered breathing and metabolic syndrome across gender, age, and sleep subtypes in East Asians"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tong","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangliang","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoda","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.10.016","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing in hospitalized patients: A game changer","volume":"161","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.045","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea: a cardiometabolic risk in obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Drager","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112628","article-title":"Sleep apnea and sleep habits: relationships with metabolic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Borel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/nss.S449862","article-title":"Application value of cardiometabolic index for the screening of obstructive sleep apnea with or without metabolic syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.90988","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a north Indian hospital-based population with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"134","author":"Agrawal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.12.042","article-title":"Women with OSA have higher chances of having metabolic syndrome than men: effect of gender on syndrome Z in cross sectional study","volume":"79","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.08.009","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and the metabolic syndrome: The road to clinically-meaningful phenotyping, improved prognosis, and personalized treatment","volume":"42","author":"Gaines","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.03.008","article-title":"Sleep apnea and hypertension: are there sex differences? 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