{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:59:59Z","timestamp":1792799999572,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder with a complex pathophysiology, affecting various aspects of women\u2019s health. Despite its widespread impact, the molecular basis and immunological aspects of PCOS remain insufficiently understood, limiting effective diagnosis and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to elucidate the molecular and immunological landscape of PCOS by integrating gene expression profiles from healthy and PCOS-affected ovaries using both bulk and single-cell omics data, with the goal of constructing a comprehensive bioinformatics network that identifies potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leveraging publicly available omics datasets, we compared gene expression between healthy ovaries and those affected by PCOS through both bulk and single-cell analyses. Our approach focused on differential gene expression analysis, identification of distinct cell types and gene signatures in PCOS, construction of disease-specific gene expression modules, and mapping of cellular differentiation trajectories. Additionally, we examined the alterations in the immune microenvironment within PCOS to identify immune-related changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analyses uncovered unique molecular signatures and immune modules in PCOS, characterized by differential gene expression, the presence of unique cell types, and altered pathways compared to healthy controls. Notably, we identified a significant role for Complement Component 3 (C3) in mediating these changes. Through gene intervention targeting C3 in granulosa cells and functional studies examining the effects of secreted C3 protein on H295R cells, Low level C3 mitigated inflammatory responses, while excess C3 proved detrimental to cell growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our integrative omics analysis provides new insights into the molecular and immunological underpinnings of PCOS, highlighting the role of C3 in the disease\u2019s pathogenesis. The identification of key molecular signatures and immune modules, including the involvement of C3, opens promising avenues for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for PCOS. These observations suggest that modulating C3 levels could have therapeutic implications for managing PCOS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1523488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:17:26Z","timestamp":1740961046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["RETRACTED: Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals complement component 3 as a central driver of immune dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xuanpeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Reproductive Laboratory of Shenyang Jinghua Hospital","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Reproductive Laboratory of Shenyang Jinghua Hospital","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Reproductive Laboratory of Shenyang Jinghua Hospital","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linqi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Shenyang Medical College","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Reproductive Laboratory of Shenyang Jinghua Hospital","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongkai","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Reproductive Laboratory of Shenyang Jinghua Hospital","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac001","article-title":"Deconstructing a syndrome: genomic insights into PCOS causal mechanisms and classification","volume":"43","author":"Dapas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw027","article-title":"Interactions between androgens, FSH, anti-Mullerian hormone and estradiol during folliculogenesis in the human normal and polycystic ovary","volume":"22","author":"Dewailly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00163-2","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Joham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew218","article-title":"The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Bozdag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-016-0173-x","article-title":"Genetic, hormonal and metabolic aspects of PCOS: an update","volume":"14","author":"De Leo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041454","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology, current management, and future therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2017-00164","article-title":"Ovarian follicular theca cell recruitment, differentiation, and impact on fertility: 2017 update","volume":"39","author":"Richards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.12.004","article-title":"amp]]amp; Strauss, J. 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