{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:42:44Z","timestamp":1780616564240,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to explore the relationship between the timing of physical contact and the level of estradiol contamination in the skin after application of estradiol gel. Estradiol gel is a common medication used in menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and understanding its potential for contamination is crucial for ensuring patient safety and effective treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this hospital-based case\u2013control study was to determine the correlation between the timing of physical contact and the degree of estradiol contamination following the administration of estradiol gel. This information is vital for advising patients on appropriate precautions to minimize the risk of estradiol transfer to others.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was conducted in the gynecology department of Changsha Hospital for Maternal &amp;amp; Child Health Care Affiliated to Hunan Normal University between 2021 and 2022. The participants included 40 menopausal women aged 40\u201360 years who required MHT and 40 women who did not use estradiol. The intervention involved physical contact after the administration of estradiol gel, and the main outcome measure was estradiol concentration on the skin. Skin estradiol levels were assessed at 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min post-application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicated that the estradiol levels in the skin of the estradiol gel group were 205.29 \u00b1 79.33, 193.64 \u00b1 61.17, 99.15 \u00b1 37.34, and 110.83 \u00b1 69.81 at 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min, respectively. In contrast, the estradiol content in the skin of the physical contact group was significantly lower, with levels of 65.87 \u00b1 32.75, 59.06 \u00b1 24.99, 7.95 \u00b1 4.89, and 12.09 \u00b1 3.71 at the same time points. Estradiol contamination was detected in all participants in the physical contact group; however, the levels were markedly lower than those in the estradiol gel group. In the estradiol gel group, estradiol levels remained stable within the first 30 min (p &amp;gt;0.05), rapidly decreased at 60 min (p &amp;lt;0.001) and remained stable from 60 min to 120 min (p &amp;gt;0.05). The trend in skin estrogen concentration over time in the physical contact group was consistent with that in the estradiol gel group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study concludes that physical contact following application of estradiol gel can lead to skin contamination. Therefore, it is recommended that patients avoid skin exposure for at least 60 min after applying estradiol gel and refrain from physical contact with others, especially infants, children, individuals with breast cancer or other sex hormone-dependent tumors, and pets to minimize the risk of estradiol transfer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1524870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T04:10:40Z","timestamp":1749528640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Avoiding touching until 60 min\u2014contamination of transdermal estradiol gel after physical contact"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingnan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00685-4","article-title":"Treating menopause - MHT and beyond","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004143.pub5","article-title":"Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women","volume":"2017","author":"Marjoribanks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000070526.74726.8A","article-title":"Percutaneous 17beta-estradiol gel for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women","volume":"10","author":"Archer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11563.x","article-title":"Transdermal oestradiol gel in the treatment of the climacterium: a comparison with oral therapy","author":"Hirvonen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(91)90238-l","article-title":"Comparative endocrinological and clinical effects of percutaneous estradiol and oral conjugated estrogens as replacement therapy in menopausal women","volume":"13","author":"Dupont","year":"1991","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000191881.52175.8c","article-title":"Estradiol gel: review of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety in menopausal women","volume":"13","author":"Naunton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-5122(99)00021-3","article-title":"Absorption and bioavailability of oestradiol from a gel, a patch and a tablet","volume":"32","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.3.292","article-title":"Pathogenesis and epidemiology of precocious puberty. 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