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However, studies evaluating the relationship between EO exposure and sex hormones in human populations are still lacking. Therefore, further investigation into EO\u2019s effects on humans is essential. This cross-sectional study within the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES),2013\u20132016 examined the relationship between EO-hemoglobin adducts (HbEO) and sex hormones. HbEO was found to be inversely associated with estradiol (E2) and positively associated with the ratio of total testosterone (TT) to E2 and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in adult males. Such associations HbEO and E2 and SHBG were non-linear in male adults. However, no significant associations were found between HbEO and sex steroids across various age groups of females and all male age groups except for adults. 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