{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T17:39:06Z","timestamp":1784741946781,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dialysis\/renal insufficiency patients are often accompanied by hypothyroidism due to renal damage, the mechanisms of which are complex. The use of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in such patients has become an important clinical issue. This article reviews the mechanism of hypothyroidism in dialysis\/renal insufficiency patients and describes the importance and precautions of thyroid hormone replacement therapy to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1540802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T06:43:56Z","timestamp":1740379436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in dialysis\/renal insufficiency patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saiya","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9395-7","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and kidney disease: An update","volume":"18","author":"Iglesias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/med.0000000000000275","article-title":"and kidney disease: an overview of the evidence","volume":"23","author":"Rhee. The interaction between thyroid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ijgm.S403950","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of hypothyroidism in patients on routine hemodialysis in Somalia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Adani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16386\/j.cjpccd.issn.1004-6194.2015.09.002","article-title":"Serum uric acid change and related factors analysis in hypothyroidism patients","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Prev Control Chronic Dis"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Gong\n              YQ\n            \n          \n          Effects of uremic toxins in the expression of inflammatory factor and D1 on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells\n          \n          2014"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022x.2023.2293224","article-title":"Urinary excretion of thyroid hormone in CKD patients: a proof-of-concept of nephrogenic hypothyroidism","volume":"45","author":"Yuasa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-6350.2009.05.095","article-title":"The assay of thyroid hormone in uremic patients","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hainan Med J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-587X.2002.03.022","article-title":"Effects of hemodialysis on thyroid hormones in uremic patients","volume":"3","author":"Jiang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin J Integrated Traditional Western Nephrol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-9202.2012.23.092","article-title":"Effect of hemodialysis on thyroid hormone levels in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"32","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin J Gerontology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-1383.2008.04.014","article-title":"Changes and clinical significance of serum thyroid hormones in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Youjiang Med J"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00368.2002","article-title":"Renal expression of sodium transporters and aquaporin-2 in hypothyroid rats","volume":"284","author":"Schmitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02093","article-title":"Vascular and renal function in experimental thyroid disorders","volume":"154","author":"Vargas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.021022","article-title":"Effect of thyroxine replacement on creatinine, insulin-like growth factor 1, acid-labile subunit, and vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"50","author":"Schmid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-11-0349","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin system in thyroid disorders and its role in cardiovascular and renal manifestations","volume":"213","author":"Vargas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.93737","article-title":"Interactions between thyroid disorders and kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Basu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1974.119","article-title":"The thyroid and the kidney","volume":"6","author":"Bradley","year":"1974","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-6386(12)81132-2","article-title":"Serial glomerular and tubular dynamics in thyroidectomized rats with remnant kidneys","volume":"17","author":"Falk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.106.678326","article-title":"Thyroid disease and the heart","volume":"116","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2023.0057","article-title":"Kidney, and heart from normal to uremic milieu","volume":"21","author":"Spahia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1983.tb00601.x","article-title":"Mild hypothyroidism and oedema: evidence for increased capillary permeability to protein","volume":"18","author":"Wheatley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022x.2020.1777162","article-title":"Prevalence of hypothyroidism in Japanese chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"42","author":"Yuasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(67)90186-2","article-title":"Renal lesions in hypothyroidism: a study based on kidney biopsies","volume":"16","author":"Salomon","year":"1967","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-6790.2008.01.015","article-title":"Study the serum levels of thyroid hormone on patients with primary nephritic syndrome and the efficacy of thyroid hormone treatment","volume":"1","author":"Nie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Healthcare"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-587X.2022.03.022","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormone replacement therapy on renal function and renal endothelial growth factor in rats with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Integrated Traditional Western Nephrol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328324","article-title":"Correlation of clinical changes with regard to thyroxine replacement therapy in hypothyroid patients: focusing on the change of renal function","volume":"34","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0475","article-title":"Thyroid hormone replacement therapy attenuates the decline of renal function in chronic kidney disease patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"23","author":"Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1663","article-title":"Preservation of renal function by thyroid hormone replacement therapy in chronic kidney disease patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"97","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.60965","article-title":"Preservation of renal function by thyroid hormone replacement in elderly persons with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00169.x","article-title":"Increased prevalence of subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism in persons with chronic kidney disease","volume":"67","author":"Lo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-017-1756-y","article-title":"The effect of L-thyroxine substitution on oxidative stress in early-stage diabetic nephropathy patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled study","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.44729","article-title":"Systematic review to gauge the effect of levothyroxine substitution on progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Manshahia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-7386.2018.11.025","article-title":"Effects of low-dose levothyroxine sodium tablets on the nutritional status and complications in patients with PEW andlow T3 syndrome receiving mainternance hemodialysis","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hebei Med J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-0412.2012.23.034","article-title":"Effect of low-dose levothyroxine on the nutritional status of patients on continuous hemodialysis","volume":"33","author":"Ou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jilin Med J"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"198","article-title":"Repeated ventricular","volume":"14","author":"Chojnowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/med.0000000000000818","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes in subclinical thyroid disease: an update","volume":"30","author":"Ettleson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-3257.2024.5.025","article-title":"Serum thyroid hormone expression and its relationship with cardiac function in chronic renal failure hemodialysis patients","volume":"31","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Rare Uncommon Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19528\/j.issn.1003-3548.2017.04.024","article-title":"Effect of thyroxine on cardiac function in uremic patients","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Effect thyroxine cardiac Funct uremic patients"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00431.2015","article-title":"Long-term physiological T3 supplementation in hypertensive heart disease in rats","volume":"309","author":"Weltman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13885\/j.issn.1000-2812.2011.02.007","article-title":"Effects of low-dose levothyroxine on heart function in elderly chronic heart failure patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Lanzhou Univ (Medical Sciences)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/ep-2017-0017","article-title":"Thyroid hormone replacement reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases in diabetic nephropathy patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"24","author":"Seo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"9","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of levothyroxine in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism with cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Xinxueguanbing Fangzhi Zhishi"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"29","article-title":"Observation on the efficacy of small-dose levothyroxine in the treatment of uremia with hypothyroidism","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pract Clin Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/issn.1674-3245.2019.03.014","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of thyroid dysfunction in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Health Care Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/j.issn:1001-7097.2004.03.016","article-title":"Effects of different calcium concentration dialysate on calcium balance and iPTH during hemodialysis","volume":"3","author":"Zuo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin J Nephrol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-3548.2007.04.034","article-title":"Effects of different dialysis modalities on parathyroid hormone clearance in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Medicin"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-332X.2005.12.012","article-title":"The affect of high flux hemodialysis on serum thyroid hormone","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Modern Hosp"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20227375006","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7375006","article-title":"Impact of high-flux hemodialysis on chronic inflammation, antioxidant capacity, body temperature, and immune function in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2010.00786.x","article-title":"High-flux dialyzers, backfiltration, and dialysis fluid quality","volume":"24","author":"Schiffl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.02.296","article-title":"Reduction in beta2-microglobulin with super-flux versus high-flux dialysis membranes: results of a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial","volume":"52","author":"Pellicano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112809","article-title":"Oxidative Status before and after Renal Replacement Therapy: Differences between Conventional High Flux Hemodialysis and on-Line Hemodiafiltration","volume":"11","author":"Navarro-Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd003419","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003419.pub2","article-title":"Thyroid hormone replacement for subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"2007","author":"Villar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2008.03.011","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and myocardial ischaemia","volume":"109","author":"Pantos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1008-0805.2007.07.010","article-title":"The mechanism of thyroxin induced myocardial hypertrophy and the intervention of Chinese herbs","volume":"7","author":"Gu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lishizhen Med Materia Med Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3870\/j.issn.1004-0781.2006.06.031","article-title":"Advances in the pathologic study of the effect of thyroxine on cardiac enlargement","volume":"6","author":"Fang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Herald Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1625","article-title":"Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and fractures in patients on long-term thyroxine therapy","volume":"95","author":"Flynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"92","article-title":"Study on effect and correlation of thyroid hormone level changes in peritoneal dialysis patients by thyroxin tablet","volume":"35","author":"Ou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Biochem Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B57","unstructured":"Levothyroxine sodium tablet\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0205","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association","volume":"22","author":"Garber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63277-9_2","article-title":"Administration and pharmacokinetics of levothyroxine","volume-title":"70 Years of Levothyroxine","author":"Lipp","year":"2021"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06403-y","article-title":"Concomitant use of levothyroxine and proton pump inhibitors in patients with primary hypothyroidism: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Guzman-Prado","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-0947-9","article-title":"Phosphate binders as a cause of hypothyroidism in dialysis patients: practical indications from a review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Cataldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0296","article-title":"Absorption of levothyroxine when coadministered with various calcium formulations","volume":"21","author":"Zamfirescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600630714","article-title":"Effects of colestipol hydrochloride on drug absorption in the rat. I. Aspirin, L-thyroxine, phenobarbital, cortisone, and sulfadiazine","volume":"63","author":"Phillips","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03160100047012","article-title":"The influence of cholestyramine on thyroxine absorption","volume":"208","author":"Northcutt","year":"1969","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.06.006","article-title":"Conditions and drugs interfering with thyroxine absorption","volume":"23","author":"Liwanpo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2005.05.001","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in thyroid carcinoma follow-up: orlistat may inhibit the absorption of thyroxine","volume":"17","author":"Madhava","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072504774193212","article-title":"Impact of long-term administration of amiodarone on the thyroid function of patients with Chagas' disease","volume":"14","author":"Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90303-4","article-title":"Nonspecific intestinal adsorption of levothyroxine by aluminum hydroxide","volume":"97","author":"Liel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.06.010","article-title":"Imatinib induces hypothyroidism in patients receiving levothyroxine","volume":"78","author":"de Groot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-2838.2003.01.019","article-title":"The drug interactions and mechanism of levothyroxine sodium with other drugs Pharmaceutical Care and Research","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharm Care Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1981.tb00662.x","article-title":"The influence of carbamazepine on thyroid hormones and thyroxine binding globulin in hypothyroid patients substituted with thyroxine","volume":"15","author":"Aanderud","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043903","article-title":"Thyroxine in goiter, Helicobacter pylori infection, and chronic gastritis","volume":"354","author":"Centanni","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2016.1227782","article-title":"Advancements in the treatment of hypothyroidism with L-T4 liquid formulation or soft gel capsule: an update","volume":"14","author":"Fallahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Delivery"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.750380","article-title":"Precision medicine in autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Ferrari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2014.918101","article-title":"The administration of L-thyroxine as soft gel capsule or liquid solution","volume":"11","author":"Vita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Delivery"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318217b69f","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic equivalence of a levothyroxine sodium soft capsule manufactured using the new food and drug administration potency guidelines in healthy volunteers under fasting conditions","volume":"33","author":"Colucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/ep13378.Or","article-title":"Levothyroxine liquid solution versus tablet for replacement treatment in hypothyroid patients","volume":"20","author":"Negro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0422","article-title":"A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of liquid thyroxine ingested at breakfast: results of the TICO study","volume":"26","author":"Cappelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2684","article-title":"Switching levothyroxine from the tablet to the oral solution formulation corrects the impaired absorption of levothyroxine induced by proton-pump inhibitors","volume":"99","author":"Vita","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0476-7","article-title":"Thyroxine softgel capsule in patients with gastric-related T4 malabsorption","volume":"49","author":"Santaguida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12453","article-title":"Prevalence of hypothyroidism and thyroid nodule in chronic hemodialysis Iranian patients","volume":"21","author":"Pakfetrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-17-1-45","article-title":"Thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid diseases in chronic renal failure","volume":"17","author":"Kaptein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089801800510","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and nodular goiter in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12339","article-title":"High prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and nodular thyroid disease in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"20","author":"Da Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2011.65.327-329","article-title":"Role of chronic hemodialysis in thyroid gland morphology disorders","volume":"65","author":"Jusufovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Arh"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/ep.7.3.193","article-title":"Use of soy protein supplement and resultant need for increased dose of levothyroxine","volume":"7","author":"Bell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2002.009365","article-title":"Soy formula complicates management of congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"89","author":"Conrad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B88","article-title":"Persistent hypothyroidism in an infant receiving a soy formula: case report and review of the literature","volume":"96","author":"Chorazy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14030206","article-title":"Levothyroxine interactions with food and dietary supplements-A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Wiesner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.2.8636317","article-title":"Evidence for a clinically important adverse effect of fiber-enriched diet on the bioavailability of levothyroxine in adult hypothyroid patients","volume":"81","author":"Liel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.05.007","article-title":"Coffee and autoimmunity: More than a mere hot beverage","volume":"16","author":"Sharif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0222","article-title":"Altered intestinal absorption of L-thyroxine caused by coffee","volume":"18","author":"Benvenga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9772-2","article-title":"A novel formulation of L-thyroxine (L-T4) reduces the problem of L-T4 malabsorption by coffee observed with traditional tablet formulations","volume":"43","author":"Vita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02433.x","article-title":"Effects of grapefruit juice on the absorption of levothyroxine","volume":"60","author":"Lilja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0028","article-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement","volume":"24","author":"Jonklaas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2165\/11598070-000000000-00000","article-title":"Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism: who to treat and how","volume":"72","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1000-6699.2017.02.018","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism in adults","volume":"33","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Of Endocrinol And Metab"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.4158\/ep12280.Gl","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association","volume":"18","author":"Garber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1540802\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T10:05:25Z","timestamp":1740564325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1540802\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1540802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1540802","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"article-number":"1540802"}}