{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:04:09Z","timestamp":1790420649938,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common autoimmune disease in patients with Turner Syndrome (TS). There is a high prevalence of AITD in TS patients, it has an early age of onset and can present as severe thyroid dysfunction. The specific etiology of AITD in TS is not clear and may be associated with sex chromosome-related genetic defects, immune dysfunction, or sex hormone imbalance due to ovarian insufficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and related influencing factors of AITD in Chinese patients with TS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total 63 female patients aged 14\u201332 diagnosed with TS received titer of thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid function examinations, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). The effects of age, body mass index (BMI), karyotype, fasting insulin, blood lipids and other factors that may affect thyroid function were analyzed, and the possible risk factors associated with AITD in TS patients explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 63 TS patients, 24 (38.10%) had normal thyroid function and 39 (61.90%) patients had TgAb and\/or TPOAb. Among the 39 women with positive thyroid autoantibodies, 10 had abnormal thyroid function, including 3 with hyperthyroidism and 7 with hypothyroidism. Patients with isochromosome X had an increased risk of developing AITD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk of AITD with TS correlates with the chromosomal karyotype, patients with isochromosome X have an increased risk of AITD. Patients with positive thyroid autoantibodies have a higher risk of thyroid dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1547430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T04:12:45Z","timestamp":1754453565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of influencing factors on Turner syndrome combined with autoimmune thyroid disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yingmei","family":"Cen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinchun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiying","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gendie E.","family":"Lash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13394","article-title":"The Turner syndrome life course project: Karyotype-phenotype analyses across the lifespan","volume":"87","author":"Cameron-Pimblett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0430","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting","volume":"177","author":"Gravholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.95","article-title":"Molecular analysis in Turner syndrome","volume":"142","author":"ALvarez-Nava","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2006.19.9.1093","article-title":"Beyond the karyotype: are new screening methods needed for girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Rivkees","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.012","article-title":"The X chromosome and immune associated genes","volume":"38","author":"Bianchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-8-5-397","article-title":"Necropsy study of a case of Turner\u2019s syndrome; a case report","volume":"8","author":"Atria","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3950-0","article-title":"Prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases among the Turner Syndrome patients: meta-analysis of cross sectional studies","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.01.015","article-title":"Autoimmune disorders in women with turner syndrome and women with karyotypically normal primary ovarian insufficiency","volume":"38","author":"Bakalov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00511","article-title":"Autoimmunity predisposition in girls with turner syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Wegiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.03.003","article-title":"X-linked primary immunodeficiencies as a bridge to better understanding X-chromosome related autoimmunity","volume":"33","author":"Pessach","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-015-0146-2","article-title":"Peculiarities of autoimmune thyroid diseases in children with Turner or Down syndrome: an overview","volume":"41","author":"Aversa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-39-79","article-title":"Endocrine autoimmunity in Turner syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Grossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27270","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases in women with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"62","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/89.9.713","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and the X chromosome","volume":"89","author":"Hayward","year":"1996","journal-title":"Qjm"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.16.4.263","article-title":"A high incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in patients with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Price","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01296.x","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid syndrome in women with Turner\u2019s syndrome\u2013the association with karyotype","volume":"55","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1136383","article-title":"Metabolic disorders and nutritional status in autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"69","author":"Kawicka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0216","article-title":"Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for hypothyroidism in women: A longitudinal cohort study from South Korea","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e220375","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-4292-2022-0375","article-title":"The impact of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism association with coronary artery calcium: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)","volume":"68","author":"Spilack","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Endocrin Metab"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2023.12.008","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in acute coronary syndrome - A prospective Indian study","volume":"76","author":"Arambam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldn015","article-title":"Turner syndrome and clinical treatment","volume":"86","author":"Hjerrild","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181c684b2","article-title":"Laboratory guideline for Turner syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Wolff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1076812","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of hearing loss in patients with Turner Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1262","article-title":"Hypothyroidism is common in turner syndrome: results of a five-year follow-up","volume":"90","author":"El-Mansoury","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03895.x","article-title":"Increased prevalence of autoimmunity in Turner syndrome\u2013influence of age","volume":"156","author":"Mortensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000331050","article-title":"Incidence and dynamics of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity in girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"76","author":"Gawlik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.k09e-141","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid diseases in 65 Japanese women with Turner syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Fukuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Thyroid autoantibodies in children with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939608994725","article-title":"An increased incidence of thyroid antibodies in patients with Turner\u2019s syndrome and their first degree relatives","volume":"25","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13485.x","article-title":"Thyroid autoantibodies, Turner\u2019s syndrome and growth hormone therapy","volume":"84","author":"Ivarsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302152","article-title":"Evidence for a Turner syndrome locus or loci at Xp11.2-p22.1","volume":"63","author":"Zinn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/ar118","article-title":"The role of X-chromosome inactivation in female predisposition to autoimmunity","volume":"2","author":"Chitnis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0384","article-title":"X-chromosome gene dosage and the risk of diabetes in Turner syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Bakalov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B34","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroiditis in children with Turner syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Chang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2017_42","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity in girls with turner syndrome","volume":"1022","author":"Witkowska-S\u0119dek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2014-0199","article-title":"Thyroid disease in Chinese girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2014-0199","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Hamilton","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10285.x","article-title":"Age-related anti-thyroid antibodies and thyroid abnormalities in Turner syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Germain","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb01835.x","article-title":"Turner\u2019s syndrome with X-isochromosome and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"41","author":"de Kerdanet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(87)80082-3","article-title":"High incidence of thyroid disturbances in 49 children with Turner syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Gru\u00f1eiro de Papendieck","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1340568","article-title":"Autoimmune hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in patients with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Chiovato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0265","article-title":"Prevalence of multiple forms of autoimmunity in Egyptian patients with Turner syndrome: relation to karyotype","volume":"26","author":"Hamza","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.1771","article-title":"Turner syndrome and associated problems in Turkish children: a multicenter study","volume":"7","author":"Ye\u015filkaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16405","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity and autoimmune thyroid disease in Malaysian girls with Turner syndrome: An understudied population","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-023-00437-7","article-title":"Clinical significance of thyroglobulin antibodies and thyroid peroxidase antibodies in Graves\u2019 disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Katahira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.18544\/ep-01.13.02.1486","article-title":"Sex and autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"13","author":"Kucharska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/s0950-351x(88)80055-7","article-title":"Autoimmunity and hypothyroidism","volume":"2","author":"Amino","year":"1988","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0370-7","article-title":"Overtime trend of thyroid hormones and thyroid autoimmunity and ovarian reserve: a longitudinal population study with a 12-year follow up","volume":"19","author":"Bahri","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02965.x","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: a role for immunosenescence","volume":"58","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12114","article-title":"An age-related numerical and functional deficit in CD19(+) CD24(hi) CD38(hi) B cells is associated with an increase in systemic autoimmunity","volume":"12","author":"Duggal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-121421","article-title":"Thyroid function in human obesity: underlying mechanisms","volume":"48","author":"Fontenelle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1158013","article-title":"Association between different metabolic phenotypes of obesity and thyroid disorders among Chinese adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7030037","article-title":"The role of insulin resistance\/hyperinsulinism on the rising trend of thyroid and adrenal nodular disease in the current environment","volume":"7","author":"Tsatsoulis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/jcdr\/2020\/44711.14094","article-title":"Status of serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and copper in hypothyroid patients- A case control study","volume":"14","author":"Athokpham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0278426","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278426","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of hypothyroidism among pregnant women in the health region of Lleida: A cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Siscart","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278426","article-title":"Relationship between the development of hyperlipidemia in hypothyroidism patients","volume":"49","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B57","article-title":"A Study of Lipid Profile in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism","volume":"70","author":"S","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05480-x","article-title":"Dyslipidemia may be a risk factor for progression in children with IgA nephropathy","volume":"37","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06539-2","article-title":"Dyslipidemia is associated with inflammation and organ involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11319490-000000000-00000","article-title":"Hyperlipidaemia in paediatric patients: the role of lipid-lowering therapy in clinical practice","volume":"33","author":"Wierzbicki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.030","article-title":"Statin reduces mortality and morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with hyperlipidemia: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"243","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9150(99)00369-x","article-title":"Lp(a) and lipids in adult Turner\u2019s syndrome: impact of treatment with 17beta-estradiol and norethisterone","volume":"150","author":"Gravholt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1547430\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T04:12:46Z","timestamp":1754453566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1547430\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1547430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1547430","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"article-number":"1547430"}}