{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:49:15Z","timestamp":1787320155023,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate changes in thyroid function post-thermal ablation (TA) of thyroid nodules and to identify risk factors associated with post-ablation thyroid function abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis of 2,264 cases treated with TA between June 2015 and July 2024 was conducted, including 1,169 benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) and 1,095 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases. Thyrotropin (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were measured before treatment and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-ablation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      FT3 levels remained significantly reduced at 12 months post-ablation (3.04 \u00b1 0.42 vs. 3.15 \u00b1 0.36 pg\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). In contrast, FT4 levels showed a persistent increase at 12 months (1.36 \u00b1 0.69 vs. 1.27 \u00b1 0.15 ng\/dL;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Although TSH levels decreased slightly over time, they remained elevated at 12 months compared to baseline (1.80 \u00b1 1.17 vs. 1.73 \u00b1 0.84 \u03bcIU\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.029). At the end of the follow-up period, the incidence of thyroid function abnormalities was 5.07% (18\/355), with only one patient requiring Thiamazole for antithyroid therapy. The cumulative incidence of thyroid function abnormalities was notably higher in the PTC group compared to the BTN group (17.80% vs. 10.94%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Pre-ablation TSH levels (OR= 2.06; 95% CI, 1.77\u20132.39;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (OR = 2.66; 95% CI, 1.88\u20133.77;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), and multiple nodules were positively correlated with the occurrence of thyroid function abnormalities. The cutoff value of TSH was 2.015\u2009\u03bcIU\/mL with a sensitivity of 0.527 and a specificity of 0.246 (AUC = 0.625).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thermal ablation had a minimal impact on thyroid function. Pre-ablation TSH levels, Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, and multiple nodules were risk factors for post-ablation thyroid function abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1557725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:21:41Z","timestamp":1740615701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Changes in thyroid function after thermal ablation of thyroid nodules"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Song","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-an","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-long","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-li","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00378","article-title":"Comparison of different risk-stratification systems for the diagnosis of benign and Malignant thyroid nodules","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.738213","article-title":"Burden of thyroid cancer from 1990 to 2019 and projections of incidence and mortality until 2039 in China: findings from global burden of disease study","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02162.x","article-title":"Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination","volume":"39","author":"Guth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-011-0060-0","article-title":"Features of papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients older than 75 years","volume":"63","author":"Toniato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Updates Surg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.02.015","article-title":"Hemithyroidectomy should be the procedure of choice for nontoxic benign unilateral goiters","volume":"166","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56110586","article-title":"Hemithyroidectomy for thyroid cancer: A review","volume":"56","author":"Addasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2018.11.003","article-title":"Conventional thyroidectomy in the treatment of primary thyroid cancer","volume":"48","author":"Roman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.0621","article-title":"Complication rates of total thyroidectomy vs hemithyroidectomy for treatment of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"148","author":"Hsiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-023-03038-5","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia after hemithyroidectomy","volume":"408","author":"Jeong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-024-00200-z","article-title":"Hypothyroidism after hemithyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Cooper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.230459","article-title":"Microwave ablation versus surgical resection for US-detected multifocal T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma: A 10-center study","volume":"311","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-11023-9","article-title":"Complications of ultrasound-guided thermal ablation of thyroid nodules and associated risk factors: an experience from 9667 cases","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.24083","article-title":"Thermal ablation for Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules: current diagnosis and management","volume":"43","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16630","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided thermal ablation versus thyroidectomy in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules: systematic review and meta analysis","author":"Qafesha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2018.19.4.632","article-title":"Thyroid radiofrequency ablation guideline: korean society of thyroid radiology","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.22126","article-title":"Taiwan clinical multicenter expert consensus and recommendations for thyroid radiofrequency ablation","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000508484","article-title":"European thyroid association clinical practice guideline for the use of image-Guided ablation in benign thyroid nodules","volume":"9","author":"Papini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7916327","article-title":"Changes in thyroid antibodies after microwave ablation of thyroid nodules","volume":"2022","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2020.1806362","article-title":"Effects of energy-based ablation on thyroid function in treating benign thyroid nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Fei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0417","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists","volume":"21","author":"Bahn Chair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00874","article-title":"Microwave ablation compared with laser ablation for treating benign thyroid nodules in a propensity-score matching study","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1557725\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:21:42Z","timestamp":1740615702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1557725\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1557725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1557725","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"article-number":"1557725"}}