{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:59:43Z","timestamp":1793246383690,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iodine is a critical trace element in the human body. It is primarily obtained through dietary sources such as dairy products, seafood, fish, eggs and certain vegetables. Iodine plays an essential role in various bodily functions, most notably in producing the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Additionally, it influences the immune, cardiovascular, reproductive and gastrointestinal systems. Historically, iodine deficiency has been a significant global health issue; however, over the past decade, there has been a rise in iodine excess. This surge has been primarily attributed to inadequate monitoring and over-iodization of salt. Despite the well-documented consequences of iodine deficiency, the ramifications of excessive iodine intake remain underexplored. In view of rising global infertility rates, excess iodine has been linked to significant reproductive health effects. These include decreased sperm count, motility and morphology in males, as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes in females, such as maternal thyroid dysfunction and congenital hypothyroidism. This mini-review aims to collate and analyze current literature pertaining to the effects of iodine excess on reproductive health and shed light on its increasing incidence worldwide. Further research on the biological and clinical effects of iodine excess is required to derive a better understanding of this issue. Given the rising prevalence of iodine excess, it is crucial to raise awareness and implement proactive measures to prevent it from escalating into a major public health crisis in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1568059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T04:12:35Z","timestamp":1745986355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["From deficiency to excess: the impact of iodine excess on reproductive health"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aiman","family":"Khudair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Khudair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Anjum","family":"Niinuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haniya","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173474","article-title":"Iodine and iodine deficiency: A comprehensive review of a re-emerging issue","volume":"14","author":"Hatch-McChesney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders revisited","volume":"14","author":"Ahad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2021.104369","article-title":"Iodine in foods and dietary supplements: A collaborative database developed by NIH, FDA and USDA","volume":"109","author":"Pehrsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060325","article-title":"Food group intakes as determinants of iodine status among US adult population","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020513","article-title":"Is there an ideal diet to protect against iodine deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Krela-Ka\u017amierczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070930","article-title":"New iodine food composition database and updated calculations of iodine intake among Norwegians","volume":"10","author":"Carlsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Present Knowledge in Nutrition","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031228","article-title":"Molecular iodine has extrathyroidal effects as an antioxidant, differentiator, and immunomodulator","volume":"22","author":"Aceves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01573","article-title":"A role for iodide and thyroglobulin in modulating the function of human immune cells","volume":"8","author":"Bilal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.2019.1446.issue-1","article-title":"Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function","volume":"1446","author":"Farebrother","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"362 p","article-title":"Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants","volume-title":"WHO Food additives series","year":"1989"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"341 p","volume-title":"Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition","year":"2004"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4111740","article-title":"History of U.S. Iodine fortification and supplementation","volume":"4","author":"Leung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Iodine deficiency\u2014Level 3 cause","volume":"396","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP13180.RA","article-title":"Iodine deficiency and excess in children: worldwide status in 2013","volume":"19","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0331","article-title":"Potential risks of excess iodine ingestion and exposure: statement by the American thyroid association public health committee","volume":"25","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"Opinion of the scientific committee on food on the tolerable upper intake level of iodine\n          \n          \n          \n          2002"},{"key":"B18","article-title":"Safe upper levels for vitamins and minerals","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Standards Agency"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ21-0486","article-title":"Studies on urinary excretion and variability of dietary iodine in healthy Japanese adults","volume":"69","author":"Fuse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2018.23.4.169","article-title":"Clinical genetics of defects in thyroid hormone synthesis","volume":"23","author":"Kwak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.06.012","article-title":"Excess iodine impairs spermatogenesis by inducing oxidative stress and perturbing the blood testis barrier","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.05.012","article-title":"The relationship between iodine excess and thyroid function during pregnancy and infantile neurodevelopment at 18\u201324 months","volume":"153","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa312","article-title":"Iodine and fertility: do we know enough","volume":"36","author":"Mathews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0462","article-title":"Consequences of iodine deficiency and excess in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: A prospective cohort study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Silva De Morais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bnae019","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae019","article-title":"Risks of iodine excess","volume":"45","author":"Sohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)57335-X","article-title":"Plasma inorganic iodide as a homeostatic regulator of thyroid function","volume":"174","author":"Wolff","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176462","article-title":"Iodine-induced hypothyroidism","volume":"11","author":"Markou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101430","article-title":"Iodine status and supplementation before, during, and after pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Rodriguez-Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-29738-7.00011-3","article-title":"Thyroid physiology and diagnostic evaluation of patients with thyroid disorders","volume-title":"Williams Textbook of Endocrinology","author":"Salvatore","year":"2016"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-45-3-296","article-title":"The paradoxical effects of thiocyanate and of thyrotropin on the organic binding of iodine by the thyroid in the presence of large amounts of iodide","volume":"45","author":"Raben","year":"1949","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.251","article-title":"Consequences of excess iodine","volume":"10","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.08.010","article-title":"Iodine excess","volume":"24","author":"B\u00fcrgi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B33","article-title":"Jod-basedow syndrome","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Rose","year":"2024"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad250","article-title":"Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and long-term risks of incident atrial fibrillation and flutter","volume":"108","author":"Inoue","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.07.020","article-title":"Iodine is associated to semen quality in men who undergo consultations for infertility","volume":"73","author":"Partal-Lorente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S241099","article-title":"Some of the factors involved in male infertility: A prospective review","volume":"13","author":"Babakhanzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"B37","article-title":"Fallopian tubes\u2013literature review of anatomy and etiology in female infertility","volume":"8","author":"Briceag","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.170370","article-title":"Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of literature","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hum Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22074\/ijfs.2018.5188","article-title":"Difference between primary and secondary infertility in Morocco: frequencies and associated factors","volume":"12","author":"Benksim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-72","article-title":"Infertility and childlessness: a qualitative study of the experiences of infertile couples in Northern Ghana","volume":"13","author":"Tabong","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of infertility: A review","volume":"326","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00279-3","article-title":"Environment, lifestyle, and female infertility","volume":"28","author":"Bala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000043","article-title":"Definition and epidemiology of unexplained infertility","volume":"69","author":"Gelbaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16793-3","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of male infertility in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019: an analysis of global burden of disease study","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10167","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810167","article-title":"Sperm DNA fragmentation: unraveling its imperative impact on male infertility based on recent evidence","volume":"25","author":"Stavros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12673","article-title":"The present crisis in male reproductive health: an urgent need for a political, social, and research roadmap","volume":"7","author":"De Jonge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08547-2","article-title":"The association between iodine intake and semen quality among fertile men in China","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00174","article-title":"Thyroid function in male infertility","volume":"4","author":"Krajewska-Kulak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345187","article-title":"Thyroid disease and male reproductive function","volume":"26","author":"Krassas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019008987590","article-title":"Primary hypothyroidism and human spermatogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0257","article-title":"Hypothyroidism has an adverse effect on human spermatogenesis: A prospective, controlled study","volume":"18","author":"Krassas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0452-6","article-title":"Consequences of hyperthyroidism in male and female fertility: pathophysiology and current management","volume":"39","author":"Mintziori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.03.003","article-title":"Male reproductive function in relation with thyroid alterations","volume":"18","author":"Krassas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0041","article-title":"Thyroid function and human reproductive health","volume":"31","author":"Krassas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0581-3","article-title":"Effect of excess iodine on oxidative stress markers, steroidogenic\u2014Enzyme activities, testicular morphology, and functions in adult male rats","volume":"172","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2305-0500.316622","article-title":"Excess iodine exposure: An emerging area of concern for male reproductive physiology in the post-salt iodization era","volume":"10","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Reprod"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1440297","article-title":"Na(+)\/I(-) symporter and Pendred syndrome gene and protein expressions in human extra-thyroidal tissues","volume":"144","author":"Lacroix","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2007.03.003","article-title":"Effects of vanadate on male rat reproductive tract histology, oxidative stress markers and androgenic enzyme activities","volume":"101","author":"Chandra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Inorg Biochem"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/APhysiol.93.2006.4.11","article-title":"Iodide excess exerts oxidative stress in some target tissues of the thyroid hormones","volume":"93","author":"Joanta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Hung"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.02.012","article-title":"The regulation of spermatogenesis by androgens","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22405","article-title":"Influence of iodine in excess on seminiferous tubular structure and epididymal sperm character in male rats","volume":"32","author":"Chandra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/nms.10661","article-title":"Diagnostic value of hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy for tubal patency in infertile women","volume":"1","author":"Foroozanfard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nurs Midwifery Stud"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac546","article-title":"The SELFI study: iodine excess and thyroid dysfunction in women undergoing oil-soluble contrast hysterosalpingography","volume":"107","author":"Mathews","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2731","article-title":"Changes in serum iodine concentration, urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function after hysterosalpingography using an oil-soluble iodinated contrast medium (Lipiodol)","volume":"100","author":"Kaneshige","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1257888","article-title":"Iodine and other factors associated with fertility outcome following oil-soluble contrast medium hysterosalpingography: a prospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Mathews","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.10.006","article-title":"Biphasic action of iodine in excess at different doses on ovary in adult rats","volume":"39","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"B68","unstructured":"Iodine in excess: impact on ovarian and uterine histology in adult rats\n          \n          \n            \n              Mahapatra\n              D\n            \n            \n              Chattopadhyay\n              S\n            \n            \n              Chandra\n              AK\n            \n          \n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030290","article-title":"Iodine as essential nutrient during the first 1000 days of life","volume":"10","author":"Velasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B70","unstructured":"Iodine status worldwide: WHO global database on iodine deficiency\n          \n          \n          \n          2004"},{"key":"B71","unstructured":"Foods to avoid in pregnancy"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.28","article-title":"Iodine intake in pregnancy\u2014even a little excess is too much","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c1592b","article-title":"Iodine intake and maternal thyroid function during pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Rebagliato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.110429","article-title":"Consequences of iodine deficiency and excess in pregnant women: an overview of current knowns and unknowns","volume":"104","author":"Pearce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.057","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism caused by excess prenatal maternal iodine ingestion","volume":"161","author":"Connelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2244186.093","article-title":"Impact of iodine intake on the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease in children and adults","volume":"27","author":"Kalarani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1049665","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity and its negative impact on female fertility and maternal pregnancy outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Ta\u0144ska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S167128","article-title":"Chronic diseases in the children of women with maternal thyroid dysfunction: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"10","author":"J\u00f8lving","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1109122","article-title":"Roles of immune microenvironment in the female reproductive maintenance and regulation: novel insights into the crosstalk of immune cells","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.24.0257","article-title":"Function of immune cells and effector molecules of the innate immune system in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals \u2014 A review","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim Biosci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.v146.53s","article-title":"The roles of the immune system in Women\u2019s reproduction: Evolutionary constraints and life history trade-offs","volume":"146","author":"Abrams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2004.14.1077","article-title":"Transient hypothyroidism or persistent hyperthyrotropinemia in neonates born to mothers with excessive iodine intake","volume":"14","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01972.x","article-title":"Iodine-induced neonatal hypothyroidism secondary to maternal seaweed consumption: A common practice in some Asian cultures to promote breast milk supply","volume":"47","author":"Emder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112573","article-title":"The joint role of thyroid function and iodine status on risk of preterm birth and small for gestational age: A population-based nested case-control study of finnish women","volume":"11","author":"Purdue-Smithe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-04134-2","article-title":"The relationship between excessive iodine during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy complications","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy182","article-title":"Maternal iodine insufficiency and excess are associated with adverse effects on fetal growth: A prospective cohort study in Wuhan, China","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3704","article-title":"Optimal and safe upper limits of iodine intake for early pregnancy in iodine-sufficient regions: A cross-sectional study of 7190 pregnant women in China","volume":"100","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1422","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: A statement of principles from the endocrine society","volume":"153","author":"Zoeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09521-z","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals: exposure, effects on human health, mechanism of action, models for testing and strategies for prevention","volume":"21","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.06.009","article-title":"A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health","volume":"40","author":"Kabir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00178","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on endocrine glands","volume":"10","author":"Lauretta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061365","article-title":"A review of the association between exposure to flame retardants and thyroid function","volume":"12","author":"Yeshoua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1568059\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T04:13:02Z","timestamp":1745986382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1568059\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1568059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1568059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"article-number":"1568059"}}