{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:33:20Z","timestamp":1790202800669,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BNW-NWN\/3116\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-NWN\/3116\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adrenal steroidogenesis plays a pivotal role in neonatal adaptation, and advanced steroid profiling offers novel insights into disease risks and personalized management strategies. This study aimed to identify adrenal steroid metabolomic clusters in neonates and to correlate them with clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a prospective observational design (June 2021\u2013July 2022), 50 neonates (12 early preterm, 18 late preterm, and 20 full-term) admitted with respiratory distress underwent continuous 24-hour urine collection via an urinary catheter. Steroid profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. K-means clustering was employed to classify the metabolomic data, which were subsequently correlated with mortality, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), small for gestational age (SGA), and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>K-means analysis delineated three distinct metabolic clusters. Cluster 1 displayed a profoundly suppressed steroidogenesis (low C19 and C21 excretion, diminished 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5\u03b1-reductase activities), correlating with an increased incidence of BPD, high mortality risk scores, and significant rates of SGA\/intrauterine growth restriction. Cluster 2 exhibited adrenal hyperactivation with elevated cortisol\/cortisone derivatives, moderately increased C19\/C21 metabolites, and partial 3\u03b2-HSD deficits, associated with a heightened risk of IVH and mortality. Cluster 3 showed robust steroidogenesis (high C19\/C21 excretion and high 3\u03b2-HSD\/5\u03b1-reductase activities), accompanied by the lowest mortality rates and absence of BPD or SGA\/IUGR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Suppressed steroidogenesis increased BPD, SGA, and mortality, while excessive cortisol output in Cluster 2 was associated with a higher risk of IVH. Robust steroidogenesis supported favorable outcomes, highlighting the potential for metabolome-guided interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1569355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T04:10:22Z","timestamp":1747368622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metabolomic fingerprints of clustered preterm and term neonates \u2013 a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Lorek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa 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