{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:55:38Z","timestamp":1793325338161,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteosarcopenia (OS), a recently recognized syndrome characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of osteopenia\/osteoporosis and sarcopenia, has emerged as an important concept in clinical practice. This integrated framework provides a comprehensive view of the musculoskeletal system, addressing a previously underappreciated aspect of muscle health. OS notably increases the risk of falls, fractures, hospitalization, and mortality in elderly patients with chronic diseases. Despite its growing clinical relevance, OS remains underdiagnosed, and its classification as a distinct syndrome is not universally accepted. The persistently high global prevalence of chronic diseases, along with their substantial medical, economic, and social burdens, underscores the urgent need for updated prevention and management strategies. This review advocates for greater awareness and improved management of OS in patients with chronic diseases. It examines the relationship between OS and chronic conditions, emphasizing its epidemiology, adverse outcomes, diagnostic approaches, pathophysiology, and potential management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1577758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T04:11:44Z","timestamp":1756354304000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Osteosarcopenia: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yong-Tao","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Fan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Zhou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4151-8","article-title":"Osteosarcopenia: where bone, muscle, and fat collide","volume":"28","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.09.005","article-title":"The joint occurrence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia (Osteosarcopenia): definitions and characteristics","volume":"21","author":"Sep\u00falveda-Loyola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i14.1430","article-title":"Osteosarcopenia in autoimmune cholestatic liver diseases: Causes, management, and challenges","volume":"28","author":"Pugliese","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020293","article-title":"A vicious cycle of osteosarcopeniain inflammatory bowel diseases-aetiology, clinical implications and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Skrzypczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12567","article-title":"Osteosarcopenia: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment-facts and numbers","volume":"11","author":"Kirk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E33","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd18.210055","article-title":"Global perspectives on improving chronic disease prevention and management in diverse settings","volume":"18","author":"Airhihenbuwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.333.6042.558","article-title":"A world of chronic disease","volume":"333","author":"Reardon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000378","article-title":"Exercise in the treatment of chronic disease: an underfilled prescription","volume":"16","author":"Sallis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.08.034","article-title":"The economic burden of coronary heart disease in mainland China","volume":"224","author":"Mi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-71","article-title":"Gender specific age-related changes in bone density, muscle strength and functional performance in the elderly: a-10 year prospective population-based study","volume":"13","author":"Daly","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622200","article-title":"Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. 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