{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:47:54Z","timestamp":1792813674967,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fertility status is a marker of future health, and female infertility has been shown to be an important medical and social problem. Life\u2019s Essential 8 (\u201cLE8\u201d) is a comprehensive cardiovascular health assessment proposed by the American Heart Association. The assessment indicators include 4 health behaviors (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, and sleep health) and 4 health factors (body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure). LE8 and heavy metal exposure have both been shown to be associated with infertility. However, the association between LE8 and heavy metal exposure and female infertility has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to develop a machine learning prediction model for LE8 and heavy metal exposure and the risk of female infertility in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (\u201cNHANES\u201d) is a nationally representative program conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics to assess the health and nutritional status of the U.S. population. For this study, 873 women between the ages of 20 and 45 were selected from the 2013\u20132018 NHANES dataset. The association between LE8 and heavy metal exposure and risk of infertility was assessed using logistic regression analysis and six machine learning models (Decision Tree, GBDT, AdaBoost, LGBM, Logistic Regression, Random Forest), and the SHAP algorithm was used to explain the model\u2019s decision process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the six machine learning models, the LGBM model has the best predictive performance, with an AUROC of 0.964 on the test set. SHAP analysis showed that LE8, body mass index (\u201cBMI\u201d), diet, Cadmium (\u201cCd\u201d), Cesium (\u201cCs\u201d), Molybdenum (\u201cMo\u201d), Antimony (\u201cSb\u201d), Tin (\u201cSn\u201d), education level and pregnancy history were significantly associated with the risk of female infertility. Cd, BMI and LE8 are the variables that contribute most to the prediction of infertility risk. Among them, BMI and LE8 have a negative predictive effect on female infertility in the model, while Cd has a positive contribution to the prediction of female infertility. Further analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between heavy metals and LE8, which may have a synergistic effect on the risk of female infertility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used LE8 and heavy metal exposure to create a machine learning model that predicts the risk of female infertility. The model identified ten key factors. The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy and good clinical interpretability. In the future, LE8 and heavy metal exposure can be used to screen for female infertility early on.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1586828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T04:10:26Z","timestamp":1751602226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Using Life\u2019s Essential 8 and heavy metal exposure to determine infertility risk in American women: a machine learning prediction model based on the SHAP method"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianbing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-0944-2","article-title":"Proposals for paraphilic disorders in the international classification of diseases and related health problems, eleventh revision (ICD-11)","volume":"46","author":"Krueger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Sexual Behav"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000542408","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years for female infertility: Results from a global burden of disease study, 1990-2019","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstetr Invest"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of infertility: a review","volume":"326","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9071720","article-title":"Using mesenchymal stem cells to treat female infertility: an update on female reproductive diseases","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.312105090","article-title":"Fallopian tube disease in the nonpregnant patient","volume":"31","author":"Rezvani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0029-9","article-title":"Infertility etiologies are genetically and clinically linked with other diseases in single meta-diseases","volume":"13","author":"Tar\u00edn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001356","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001356","article-title":"National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: a systematic analysis of 277 health surveys","volume":"9","author":"Mascarenhas","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002727","article-title":"Environmental chemicals in pregnant women in the United States: NHANES 2003-2004","volume":"119","author":"Woodruff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-022-00804-w","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of infertility related psychological stress in women with infertility: a cross-sectional hospital based survey","volume":"10","author":"Teklemicheal","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.671391","article-title":"Are infertility treatments a potential risk factor for cancer development? 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