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Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of MS on coronary artery plaques detected by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MS and its components on coronary artery plaques by comparing CCTA characteristics, including plaque types, the severity of coronary plaques and high-risk plaques between T2DM patients with and without MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study retrospectively enrolled 2,431 patients with T2DM who underwent Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) at West China Hospital between January 2015 to February 2022. These patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome (MS). The plaque type, coronary artery stenosis, extent of coronary artery plaques, high-risk coronary plaque features, the segment involvement score (SIS), the segment stenosis score (SSS) and multivessel disease (MVD) based on CCTA data were evaluated and compared between two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For T2DM patients, those with MS (61.5%, n=1496) had more noncalcified\/mixed plaques, more nonobstructive stenosis and higher SIS and SSS values than those without (P &amp;lt; 0.05 for all). The proportion of patients with any noncalcified plaque, any mixed plaque, SIS\u22654 and SSS\u22657were in parallel with the numbers of MS components (P for trend&amp;lt;0.01 for all). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that MS were independently associated with any noncalcified plaque (OR=1.232, P =0.024), any mixed plaque (OR=1.307, P=0.006), any nonobstructive stenosis(OR=1.615, P = 0.001), SIS\u22654 (OR=1.529; P&amp;lt;0.001), SSS\u22657 (OR=1.387; P=0.001), and any spotty calcification (OR=1.870, P =0.001) in T2DM patients after adjusting for the confounding factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MS is independently associated with adverse coronary artery plaque characteristics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients, including increased mixed, noncalcified, nonobstructive, spotty calcification plaques, as well as extensive coronary artery disease (CAD). These findings highlight the need for early detection and management of MS to reduce cardiovascular risks in T2DM patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1595475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T04:14:23Z","timestamp":1756872863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of metabolic syndrome on coronary artery atherosclerotic plaque in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yu-shan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ning","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Gang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1161521","article-title":"Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments","volume":"14","author":"Ruze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0574-y","article-title":"Comparative effects of microvascular and macrovascular disease on the risk of major outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Mohammedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.11.002","article-title":"Personalizing risk assessment in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14341\/2071-8713-5281","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Forceon Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World HeartFederation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"7","author":"Alberti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes Metabol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12229","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies","volume":"16","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.01.001","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome","author":"Tune","year":"2018"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1805","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0404-7","article-title":"Impact of metabolic syndrome on the progression of coronary calcium and of coronary artery disease assessed by repeated cardiac computed tomography scans","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101725","article-title":"Effect of metabolic syndrome on coronary artery stenosis and plaque characteristics as assessed with 64\u2013detector row cardiac CT","volume":"261","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S006","article-title":"6. 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