{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:13:26Z","timestamp":1787026406299,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Adminitrative Commission of Zhongguancun Science Park","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates glucose metabolism outcomes and glycemic variability in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 4\u20137 years postpartum. It also identifies maternal risk factors for glucose metabolism abnormalities (GMA) to support early prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A bidirectional cohort study was conducted with 60 women with GDM and 60 without GDM, recruited from Peking University International Hospital between 2017 and 2019. Participants underwent oral glucose tolerance tests at 4\u20137 years postpartum and were categorized into GMA and normal glucose tolerance groups. Continuous glucose monitoring assessed glycemic variability, and logistic regression identified early pregnancy risk factors for postpartum GMA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) Women with a history of GDM have a higher incidence of GMA 4\u20137 years postpartum (p&amp;lt; 0.001). (2) They also showed increased cardiovascular risk factors 4\u20137 years postpartum, including diastolic blood pressure, body fat ratio, and interleukin-6 (p&amp;lt;0.05). (3) Blood glucose variability is significantly higher in all participants with a history of GDM, even in the normal glucose tolerance group. (4) Independent early pregnancy predictors of postpartum GMA included pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), the triglyceride-glucose index, and a history of GDM (AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.870, 95% CI: 0.808\u20130.931).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with a history of GDM are at a higher risk of GMA and glycemic variability 4\u20137 years postpartum. Pre-pregnancy BMI, the triglyceride-glucose index, and GDM history are strong predictors of postpartum GMA, highlighting the need for early intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trial registration: China Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ChiCTR2300067592.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1596717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T04:11:48Z","timestamp":1759205508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of glucose metabolism outcomes 4\u20137 years postpartum in women with gestational diabetes mellitus using continuous glucose monitoring maternal risk factors: a Chinese cohort 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