{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:17:58Z","timestamp":1790421478949,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-efficacy is critical for diabetic patients\u2019 adherence to self-management behaviors, including medication compliance, diet modification, physical activity, and blood glucose monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study assessed diabetes self-efficacy and glycemic control among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Oman and identified determinants influencing glycemic regulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2023. Stratified cluster sampling was used to ensure regional representation. The governorate was divided into urban, suburban, and rural strata, from which 30 health institutions were randomly selected. This method allowed practical data collection and enhanced the reliability and generalizability of results. 225 adult T2DM patients were recruited from seven clinics and public hospitals in Oman. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire comprising socio-demographic, clinical characteristics, haemoglobin A1c levels, and the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6 Scale, a validated tool measuring patients\u2019 confidence in managing aspects of their chronic illness, including symptoms, treatment, and emotional distress. Inclusion criteria: adults aged 18 or older, clinically diagnosed with T2DM within the last year, and able to read Arabic. Exclusion criteria: individuals who declined participation, had severe physical illness at the time of the study, or psychological disorders. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 29; multiple linear regression identified predictors of glycemic control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nearly half of the patients were aged 51\u201370 years, most were married, and over half were female. Approximately 50% had diabetes for over a decade. The mean hemoglobin A1c was 8.23 \u00b1 2.08, indicating moderate glycemic control, while the mean self-efficacy score was 29.99 \u00b1 11.41 out of 60 with cut-off point 30, suggesting low self-efficacy. Significant differences in glycemic control were observed by age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.015) and marital status (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.025). Additionally, patients on both oral medications and insulin had poorer control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001), whereas those with additional chronic diseases showed better control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.049).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low self-efficacy may contribute to inadequate glycemic control, while patients with comorbid conditions achieved better control, possibly due to heightened health vigilance and adherence. Research helps clarify these associations and informs interventions to enhance diabetes management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1597274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T04:10:25Z","timestamp":1753416625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring the impact of self-efficacy on glycemic control in Omani type 2 diabetes patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"AlShezawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara H Al","family":"Rawwad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Aldirawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah A.","family":"Alwawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humoud S Al","family":"Fazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azmat H.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Practice"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031094","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus: new pathogenetic mechanisms, treatment and the most important complications","volume":"26","author":"M\u0142ynarska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants","volume":"404","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2021.42.5.20200676","article-title":"Prevalence and reasons of increased type 2 diabetes in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries","volume":"42","author":"Aljulifi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnss.2014.09.002","article-title":"Diabetes self-management (DSM) in Omani with type-2 diabetes","volume":"1","author":"Alrahbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Peer reviewed: addressing the threat of chronic diseases in Oman","volume":"5","author":"Al-Lawati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Preventing Chronic Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47886","article-title":"Diabetes self-efficacy on glycemic control and well-being of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analytical cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Aseela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S275887","article-title":"Perceived self-efficacy and associated factors among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at public hospitals of Western Ethiopia, 2020","volume":"14","author":"Oluma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient Preference Adherence"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmq086","article-title":"The importance of measuring self-efficacy in patients with diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Mishali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Family Practice"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: The exercise of control","author":"Bandura","year":"1997"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2017.05.004","article-title":"Self-efficacy and self-care behaviours among adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"D\u2019Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_280_18","article-title":"The relationship between self-efficacy of diabetes management and well-being in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Calli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nigerian J Clin Practice"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2017.10.007","article-title":"Monitoring glycemic control","volume":"42","author":"Berard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"14","article-title":"Diabetes Canada 2018 clinical practice guidelines: key messages for family physicians caring for patients living with type 2 diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Ivers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Family Physician"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2019.80","article-title":"Meeting the challenge of diabetes in China","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Management"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01433-0","article-title":"Value of patient-centered glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.03.002","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus management in Canada: is it improving","volume":"37","author":"Leiter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.405","article-title":"Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study","volume":"321","author":"Stratton","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2012.111","article-title":"HbA1c levels among primary healthcare patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Oman","volume":"27","author":"Al-Lawati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"B21","article-title":"Peer reviewed: factors predicting glycemic control in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Chiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Preventing Chronic Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018817742070","article-title":"Glycemic control among primary care patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Gaza Strip, Palestine","volume":"9","author":"Radwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01894","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1894","article-title":"Psychometric properties of structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders-clinician version (SCID-5-CV)","volume":"11","author":"Shabani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731945","article-title":"Note on an approximate formula for the significance levels of z","volume":"11","author":"Cochran","year":"1940","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7160.703","article-title":"Control Tbp, macrovascular ro, 38 mcitdU","volume":"317","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Statistical Power and Why It Matters| A Simple Introduction","author":"Bhandari","year":"2021"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118439241","volume-title":"Sample size determination and power","author":"Ryan","year":"2013"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2017.03.026","article-title":"Large sample size, significance level, and the effect size: Solutions to perils of using big data for academic research","volume":"62","author":"Khalilzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.15.6.540","article-title":"Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists\/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control","volume":"15","author":"Rodbard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrine Practice"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2011.01764.x","article-title":"Evaluating self-efficacy for managing chronic disease: psychometric properties of the six-item Self-Efficacy Scale in Germany","volume":"19","author":"Freund","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1910-13","article-title":"Validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the self-efficacy for managing chronic disease 6-item scale","volume":"50","author":"\u0130ncirku\u015f","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turkish J Med Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2019.11.001","article-title":"Cross-cultural reliability of an arabic version of the self-efficacy for managing chronic disease 6-item scale in arab patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Allam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Primary Care Diabetes"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0276678","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276678","article-title":"Factors associated with poor glycemic control among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Gamo and Gofa zone public hospitals, Southern Ethiopia: A case-control study","volume":"18","author":"Dawite","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000184","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2015-000184","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: a mediation analysis","volume":"4","author":"Houle","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200218666170116105023","article-title":"Challenges related to glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"18","author":"Kheirandish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05671","article-title":"Glycemic control among ambulatory type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension Co-morbidity in a developing country: A cross sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Yimam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14795","article-title":"Factors associated with glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic literature review","volume":"28","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15649\/cuidarte.v9i3.559","article-title":"Self-efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-item Scale: assessing self-efficacy in chronic disease management\/Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale: avaliacao da autoeficacia no gerenciamento da doenca cronica\/Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale: evaluacion de la autoeficacia en la gestion de la enfermedad cronica","volume":"9","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Cuidarte"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23937\/2469-5858\/1510014","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in the elderly: challenges in a unique patient population","volume":"2","author":"Bradley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Geriatric Med Gerontol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-1058","article-title":"Diabetes overtreatment and hypoglycemia in older patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy: insights from the HYPOAGE cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Christiaens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B41","article-title":"Stanford patient education research center","volume":"80","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.22.25320805","article-title":"Factors influencing the prescription of first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Moreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9111478","article-title":"Factors associated with poor glycemic control amongst rural residents with diabetes in Korea","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-04-2015-0010","article-title":"Relationships of illness representation, diabetes knowledge, and self-care behaviour to glycemic control in incarcerated persons with diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Reagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Prisoner Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1597274\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T04:10:27Z","timestamp":1753416627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1597274\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1597274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1597274","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"article-number":"1597274"}}