{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:41:11Z","timestamp":1791690071559,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), a sight-threatening ocular condition intricately associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases, is the most common orbital disorder among adults. Accurate assessment of TAO is crucial for effective clinical management. However, the current evaluation system is hindered by significant subjectivity and a lack of standardized objective criteria, thereby complicating the pursuit of precise and individualized treatment strategies. Imaging techniques are integral to the clinical management of TAO, as they provide detailed anatomical visualization of the orbit and reflect underlying pathophysiological changes. This article reviews the applications of three prevalent imaging modalities\u2014ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\u2014in the diagnosis and management of TAO. We examine their respective advantages, limitations, and roles in disease diagnosis, staging, and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, with the aim of providing a scientific basis for the optimization of clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1601556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T04:11:48Z","timestamp":1757304708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Advancements in imaging research in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zuxing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-021-00385-8","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with chronic thyroid eye disease in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Cockerham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0479","article-title":"The 2021 European Group on Graves\u2019 orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"185","author":"Bartalena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.76.3.7680353","article-title":"Relationship of thyroid states and serum thrombomodulin (TM) levels in patients with Graves\u2019 disease: TM, a possible new marker of the peripheral activity of thyroid hormones","volume":"76","author":"Morikawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2018.1556704","article-title":"Color Doppler imaging in thyroid eye disease and its correlation to disease activity","volume":"38","author":"Jamshidian-Tehrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(02)00485-9","article-title":"Color doppler imaging of superior ophthalmic vein in thyroid-associated eye disease","volume":"46","author":"Somer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Japanese J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.9.1027","article-title":"Color Doppler imaging of the orbital vasculature in Graves\u2019 disease with computed tomographic correlation","volume":"84","author":"Alp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5612","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6907","article-title":"Retrobulbar ocular blood flow changes after orbital decompression in graves\u2019 Ophthalmopathy measured by color doppler imaging","volume":"52","author":"P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000437","article-title":"Axial globe position measurement","volume":"32","author":"Bingham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstructive Surg"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2017.10.015","article-title":"Comparison of exophthalmos measurements: Hertel exophthalmometer versus orbital parameters in 2-dimensional computed tomography","volume":"53","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1431285","article-title":"Computed tomography measurements as a standard of exophthalmos? 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