{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:49:22Z","timestamp":1794008962832,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Follicular atresia is a critical physiological process that ensures the selection of high-quality oocytes by eliminating non-viable follicles. In women, 99.9% of follicles undergo atresia naturally, the premature or dysregulated atresia follicle can lead to pathological conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure (POF). Recent studies highlight the roles of apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis in regulating follicular atresia. This review integrates molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death with follicular dynamics, emphasizing how aberrant atresia disrupts reproductive health. We discuss therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways to mitigate pathological atresia, offering insights into preserving ovarian reserve and improving fertility outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1603467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T04:13:25Z","timestamp":1758600805000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Mechanisms of follicular atresia: focus on apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tongqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menghan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2022","article-title":"Making a good egg: human oocyte health, aging, and in vitro development","volume":"103","author":"Telfer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RD9.0000000000000016","article-title":"The programmed death of fetal oocytes and the correlated surveillance mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Dev Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138480","article-title":"Current concepts of the roles of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in folliculogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Hillier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1642-431X(12)60076-X","article-title":"Follicular populations, recruitment and atresia in the ovaries of different strains of mice","volume":"12","author":"Campos-Junior","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1364","article-title":"Selective Smad4 knockout in ovarian preovulatory follicles results in multiple defects in ovulation","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927620001567","article-title":"Microanalysis of fish ovarian follicular atresia: A possible synergic action of somatic and immune cells","volume":"26","author":"Mokhtar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsc Microanal"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.811875","article-title":"Application of perinatal derivatives in ovarian diseases","volume":"10","author":"Lange-Consiglio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(83)90059-X","article-title":"Studies on follicular atresia: lysosomal enzyme activity and gonadotropin receptors of granulosa cells following administration or withdrawal of gonadotropins in the rat","volume":"33","author":"Dhanasekaran","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0790185","article-title":"Influence of follicular health on the steroidogenic and morphological characteristics of bovine granulosa cells","volume":"79","author":"Henderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"vitro. 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