{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:40:08Z","timestamp":1792640408980,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To synthesize evidence on Horner syndrome (HS) as a complication of ultrasound-guided ablation therapy for thyroid nodules, including its incidence, mechanisms, risk factors, and prevention strategies, to enhance ablation safety and guide future research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the framework of the PRISMA-ScR, a search was conducted in databases up to December 31, 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve articles were included, covering Microwave Ablation (MWA), Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA), High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), and Percutaneous Ethanol Injection (PEI). HS incidence rates varied: MWA 0.4%-4.2%, RFA 0.1%-1.5%, HIFU 1.5%-6.7%, with PEI incidence unspecified due to insufficient data. HS mechanisms included thermal injury to the cervical sympathetic chain, nerve damage from ethanol extravasation, and mechanical compression. Risk factors included ablation zones adjacent to the middle cervical ganglion (MCG), improper ablation parameter settings (such as excessively high power or prolonged duration), and nodule locations near the inferior thyroid artery. Prevention strategies emphasized precise preoperative ultrasound localization of the CSC and MCG, optimization of the isolation belt technique, timely adjustment of ablation parameters, real-time monitoring of symptoms, and avoiding the ablation probe tip from extending beyond the nodule edge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HS is a rare but serious complication with varying incidence rates by technique. Risk can be reduced through precise assessment, meticulous techniques, and technological innovations. Future prospective studies are needed to clarify incidence rates, long-term prognosis, and refine clinical practice guidelines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1607214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T04:15:02Z","timestamp":1749010502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Horner syndrome as a complication of ultrasound-guided ablation therapy for thyroid nodules: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangxiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2022.01.001","article-title":"Minimally invasive techniques for the management of thyroid nodules","volume":"51","author":"Baldwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","article-title":"2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the american thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"26","author":"Haugen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00405","article-title":"Horner syndrome: A clinical review","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000508484","article-title":"European thyroid association clinical practice guideline for the use of image-Guided ablation in benign thyroid nodules","volume":"9","author":"Papini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112138-20231104-00296","article-title":"Expert consensus on thermal ablation of papillary thyroid cancer (2024 edition)","volume":"63","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2009.04.035","article-title":"Society of Interventional Radiology. 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