{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:13:32Z","timestamp":1787026412352,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of dietary risk-induced diseases, including chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by dietary risks (CKD-T2DM-DR), has been consistently underestimated. This study aims to investigate the burden of CKD-T2DM-DR from 1990 to 2021 globally and regionally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global burden of disease (GBD) database served as the data source for analyzing the mortality, agestandardized mortality rate (ASMR), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age standardized DALY rate (ASDR), and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of CKD-T2DM-DR worldwide from 1990 to 2021. Subsequently, the ASMR, ASDR, and EAPC were further evaluated in different regions, age, gender, and socio-demographic index (SDI) groups. Finally, the burden of CKD-T2DM-DR induced by different dietary risks was reported and compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Globally, the mortality, ASMR, DALYs, and ASDR of CKD-T2DM-DR were on the rise from 1990 to 2021. The global mortality of CKD-T2DM-DR in 2021 was 79,988 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 32,734\u2013128,884), ASMR was 0.96 (95% UI 0.4\u20131.54) per 100,000 population, DALYs were 1,999,209 (95% UI 856,194\u20133,167,215), and ASDR was 23.21 (95% UI 9.95\u201336.61) per 100,000 population. Regionally, low SDI regions exhibited the highest ASDR (27.41 [95% UI 11.32\u201346.78] per 100,000 population) and ASMR (1.16 [95% UI 0.44\u20132.02] per 100,000 population), whereas high-middle SDI regions recorded the lowest ASDR (14.7 [95% UI 5.96\u201323.77] per 100,000 population) and ASMR (0.59 [95% UI 0.24\u20130.97] per 100,000 population). High SDI regions presented a rapid increase in ASDR and ASMR, with EAPCs of 1.02 (95% CI 0.86\u20131.19) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.23\u20131.58), respectively. The correlation analysis supported that ASDR and ASMR were negatively associated with SDI. Additionally, the global burden of CKD-T2DM-DR increased with age and was higher in men than in women. Among the seven associated dietary risks, the DALY and death percents of CKD-T2DM caused by diet low in fruit were the highest, at 4.57% and 4.31%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global burden of CKD-T2DM-DR has been steadily increasing with significant regional variability. Low SDI regions are most severely affected by this challenge, while high SDI regions are experiencing a rapid increase in the burden. The diet low in fruit was identified as the primary dietary risk for CKD-T2DM. This highlights the urgent need for rapid growth in the targeted prevention and health care strategies to alleviate the global burden of CKD-T2DM-DR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1623795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T14:19:21Z","timestamp":1759760361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Global burden and trends of chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by dietary risks: insights from the global burden of disease study 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