{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:48:12Z","timestamp":1792705692799,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurement of Serum Iodine Concentration (SIC) in Newly Diagnosed Adult Graves\u2019 Disease (GD) Patients with Hyperthyroidism and Healthy Controls: Investigating Cytokine Expression Profiles and Their Correlations with Thyroid Function Across Diverse Iodine Nutritional Status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients newly diagnosed with GD hyperthyroidism from September 2024 to February 2025 at our institution were enrolled. Serum samples were collected for SIC measurement using arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry. Serum cytokine levels of 12 Th cell-related cytokines were quantified via LEGENDplex\u2122 Human Th Cytokine Panel, and thyroid function was assessed by electrochemical immunoassay. Participants were stratified into three groups based on WHO iodine status criteria: iodine deficiency (&amp;lt;45 \u03bcg\/L), adequate iodine (45-90 \u03bcg\/L), and iodine excess (&amp;gt;90 \u03bcg\/L). Pearson\/Spearman correlation analyses were performed to evaluate associations between cytokine profiles and thyroid function parameters across subgroups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 75 subjects were enrolled in this study. The SIC was 148.62 \u00b1 17.63 \u03bcg\/L (GD I group), 72.33 \u00b1 12.08 \u03bcg\/L (GD II group), and 75.24 \u00b1 7.94 \u03bcg\/L (NC group), respectively, with statistically significant differences among the three groups (P&amp;lt;0.001). In GD patients, SIC showed a positive correlation with TRAb levels (r = 0.136, P&amp;lt;0.001). Serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-2, IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-17A, and IL-22 in GD patients were significantly higher than those in the NC group, with the GD I group demonstrating notably elevated IL-6 levels compared to the GD II group (P&amp;lt;0.05). Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between IL-6 and SIC, TRAb, and IL-17A (r = 0.114, 0.105, 0.214; P &amp;lt; 0.05), while no correlations were observed with FT3, FT4, TSH, TPOAb, or TgAb levels (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Similarly, IL-17A exhibited positive correlations with SIC and IL-6 (r = 0.130, 0.214; P &amp;lt; 0.05), but showed no significant associations with FT3, FT4, TSH, TPOAb, or TgAb concentrations (P &amp;gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>1. Serum cytokine levels (including IL-6, IL-9, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22) exhibited significant differences between healthy subjects and patients with newly diagnosed hyperthyroid Graves\u2019 disease (GD) under varying serum iodine concentration (SIC). 2. In newly diagnosed hyperthyroid GD patients, serum IL-6 demonstrated positive correlations with SIC, TRAb, and IL-17A (all P &amp;lt; 0.05), while IL-17A showed positive correlations with SIC and IL-6 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). 3. In GD patients with elevated SIC, cytokines IL-17A and IL-6 may contribute to pathogenic processes in hyperthyroid GD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1623881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T04:10:24Z","timestamp":1755231024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Expression levels of T cell-related immune factors and their correlation with thyroid function in Graves\u2019 disease with varied serum iodine status: insights into 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