{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:30:06Z","timestamp":1793313006330,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of pancreatic \u03b2 cells. Although T1D is characterized by an increased susceptibility to oral inflammatory diseases, studies investigating the relationship between oral microbiota, oral inflammation, and T1D remain limited and often report conflicting results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this work, we compared both oral microbiota composition and cytokines profile of 75 children and young adults with T1D and 79 healthy controls (HC), using 16S rRNA gene targeted sequencing and magnetic bead-based multiplex immunoassays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found significant changes in both alpha and beta diversity, with a decrease in species richness (p-value&amp;lt;0.001) and an increase in species evenness (p-value&amp;lt;0.001). At the genus level, T1D participants exhibited a lower abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (p-value&amp;lt;0.001) and a higher abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Atopobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (p-value=0.011 and p-value=0.022, respectively) compared to HC. Moreover, cytokines profile analysis showed lower levels of IFN-\u03b3 (p-value&amp;lt;0.001) and increased levels of IL-1\u03b2 (p-value=0.01) in T1D compared to HC. An association between IL-1\u03b2 levels and the abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                      also emerged (p-value=0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, our findings suggest that in subjects with T1D changes in the oral microbiota composition may contribute to modify the immune response toward alteration of the cytokine profile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1629185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:17:56Z","timestamp":1759292276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Alterations of oral microbiota and cytokines profile in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luana","family":"Aldegheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eulalia","family":"Catamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nunzia","family":"Zanotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Campisciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Cason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Cipullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Cadenaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Tornese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Navarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manola","family":"Comar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Robino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00963-6","article-title":"The oral microbiome: diversity, biogeography and human health","volume":"22","author":"Baker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2024.100536","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus and host\u2013bacterial interactions in the oral cavity","volume":"36","author":"G\u00fcrsoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrine Metab Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591255","article-title":"Oral dysbiosis and autoimmunity: from local periodontal responses to an imbalanced systemic immunity","volume":"11","author":"Su\u00e1rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"A Review. 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