{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T08:07:32Z","timestamp":1758701252755,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in older adults, with significant inter-individual variability in clinical progression. Vitamin D, known for its role in calcium homeostasis and anti-inflammatory pathways, may be implicated in AMD pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in AMD patients and their association with clinical phenotypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This single-center, cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Tianjin Eye Hospital, China, involving 210 participants (100 AMD patients and 110 healthy controls). Exclusion criteria included conditions affecting vitamin D metabolism and recent vitamin D supplementation. Comprehensive ophthalmic assessments and laboratory tests were performed. Data were analyzed using R software, employing Student\u2019s t-tests, ANONA, chi-squared tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>AMD patients exhibited significantly lower serum 25(OH)D levels than controls (22.98 \u00b1 7.30 ng\/mL vs. 26.12 \u00b1 9.81 ng\/mL, p=0.013). Within the AMD group, late-stage patients had lower 25(OH)D levels than early-stage patients (22.53 \u00b1 8.14 ng\/mL vs. 23.46 \u00b1 6.36 ng\/mL, p=0.019) and higher CRP levels (0.31 \u00b1 0.19 mg\/L vs. 0.17 \u00b1 0.05 mg\/L, p=0.015). ROC curve analysis indicated moderate diagnostic utility of 25(OH)D for distinguishing AMD patients from controls (AUC=0.714, 95% CI: 0.58-0.73, p&amp;lt;0.01), but limited ability to differentiate early vs. late-stage AMD Linear regression analysis revealed positive associations between 25(OH)D levels and apolipoprotein E (ApoE, \u03b2=0.157, p=0.04) and serum creatinine (\u03b2=0.18, p=0.02).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides evidence linking lower serum 25(OH)D levels to the presence and severity of AMD, particularly in late-stage disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1635739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T04:10:29Z","timestamp":1755144629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with age-related macular degeneration 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