{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:28:58Z","timestamp":1793644138927,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017501","name":"Science-Health Joint Medical Scientific Research Project of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022 \u5e74 MSXM206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022 \u5e74 MSXM206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic foot ulcers represent a significant complication of diabetes mellitus, presenting substantial challenges due to their intricate pathogenesis, which encompasses neuropathy, vasculopathy, chronic inflammation, and biofilm-associated infections. Despite considerable advancements in Western medical interventions, including surgical debridement, skin grafting, negative pressure wound therapy, and innovative dressings, these ulcers remain a leading cause of amputation and contribute to a substantial socioeconomic burden. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has emerged as a promising adjunctive therapy, offering multi-targeted mechanisms that address oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, and microbial resistance associated with diabetic foot ulcers. This review aims to examine contemporary studies on the application of TCM in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, evaluating its efficacy and elucidating its mechanisms of action, thereby providing a reference for clinical treatment decisions and guiding future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1637128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T04:11:15Z","timestamp":1755835875000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Current research progress on the use of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yinfeng","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongsong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.2.217","article-title":"Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes","volume":"293","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.10578","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: A review","volume":"330","author":"Armstrong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.7547\/1030002","article-title":"2012 infectious diseases society of america clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections","volume":"103","author":"Lipsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.07.048","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: Part II. Management","volume":"70","author":"Alavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00864","article-title":"Strategy for treatment of infected diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"54","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5691305","article-title":"Diabetic foot: current status and future prospects","volume":"2016","author":"Mauricio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v11.i9.391","article-title":"Lower extremity amputations and long-term outcomes in diabetic foot ulcers: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Rathnayake","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31128\/ajgp-11-19-5161","article-title":"The diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"49","author":"Reardon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust J Gen Pract"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108862","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic diabetic foot ulcers: An overview of systematic reviews","volume":"176","author":"Wenhui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039898","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of larval therapy on treating leg ulcers: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3266","article-title":"Practical Guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update)","author":"Schaper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2019.02.001","article-title":"The diabetic foot: Pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Bandyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Vasc Surg"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ17-0424","article-title":"Efficiency of stem cell based therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer: a meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Shu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1221705","article-title":"Current status and progress in research on dressing management for diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00694","article-title":"System pharmacology-based dissection of the synergistic mechanism of huangqi and huanglian for diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Yue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4730896","article-title":"Traditional chinese medicine injections in the treatment of diabetic foot: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2018","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0470","article-title":"Is oral administration of Chinese herbal medicine effective and safe as an adjunctive therapy for managing diabetic foot ulcers? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3651","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3651","article-title":"Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update)","volume":"40","author":"Bus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)67700-8","article-title":"Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot","volume":"366","author":"Falanga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-020-09748-4","article-title":"BMP6\/TAZ-Hippo signaling modulates angiogenesis and endothelial cell response to VEGF","volume":"24","author":"Pulkkinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01127-1","article-title":"Downregulated calmodulin expression contributes to endothelial cell impairment in diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12844","article-title":"Low androgen status inhibits erectile function by inducing eNOS uncoupling in rat corpus cavernosum","volume":"8","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.63219","article-title":"The advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)\/ROS\/NLRP3 inflammasome axis contributes to delayed diabetic corneal wound healing and nerve regeneration","volume":"18","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2016.07.007","article-title":"Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in diabetic foot syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Kulwas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md18120648","article-title":"The reducing effects of pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol on high-fat diet-induced pyroptosis in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of mice aortas","volume":"18","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152287","article-title":"Stem cells and angiogenesis: implications and limitations in enhancing chronic diabetic foot ulcer healing","volume":"11","author":"Rai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae052","article-title":"Angiogenesis during diabetic wound repair: from mechanism to therapy opportunity","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.03.013","article-title":"Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenic factors in diabetes complicated diabetic foot and without foot complications","volume":"29","author":"Kulwas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00804-1","article-title":"Homocysteine-targeting compounds as a new treatment strategy for diabetic wounds via inhibition of the histone methyltransferase SET7\/9","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8878172","article-title":"A review on oxidative stress, diabetic complications, and the roles of honey polyphenols","volume":"2020","author":"Pasupuleti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8852759","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic wound healing","volume":"2021","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1.e","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.06.055","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention","volume":"70","author":"Alavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2012.00836.x","article-title":"A review of the scientific evidence for biofilms in wounds","volume":"20","author":"Percival","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regener"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"The role of surgical debridement in healing of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-018-0725-5","article-title":"Macrophages, wound healing, and fibrosis: recent insights","volume":"20","author":"Smigiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071676","article-title":"Role of neutrophils in cardiac injury and repair following myocardial infarction","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20200240","article-title":"Attack of the NETs! NETosis primes IL-1\u03b2-mediated inflammation in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-013-9381-6","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory M2, but not pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages promote angiogenesis in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Jetten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030889","article-title":"The immune-centric revolution in the diabetic foot: monocytes and lymphocytes role in wound healing and tissue regeneration-A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Rehak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117813","article-title":"Lack of lymphocytes impairs macrophage polarization and angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing","volume":"254","author":"Seraphim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236097","article-title":"The role of immune cells and cytokines in intestinal wound healing","volume":"20","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.116","article-title":"Impaired T-cell differentiation in diabetic foot ulceration","volume":"14","author":"Moura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12083043","article-title":"Potential role of innate lymphoid cells in the pathogenesis and treatment of skin diseases","volume":"12","author":"Borgia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0399-6","article-title":"The pathogenic role of innate lymphoid cells in autoimmune-related and inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112713","article-title":"Molecular immunological mechanisms of impaired wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), current therapeutic strategies and future directions","volume":"139","author":"Mohsin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux010","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of biofilm-based antibiotic resistance and tolerance in pathogenic bacteria","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666200623131200","article-title":"Challenges and new therapeutic approaches in the management of chronic wounds","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.05.006","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and diabetic wound healing","volume":"236","author":"Louiselle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2017.0761","article-title":"Immune regulation of skin wound healing: mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets","volume":"7","author":"Larouche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158278","article-title":"Biofilms in diabetic foot ulcers: impact, risk factors and control strategies","volume":"22","author":"Afonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01114","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of the wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway in diabetic cutaneous ulcers","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2174\/1570163820666230904150945","article-title":"The effect of aloe vera on the healing of diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Irani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Drug Discov Technol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6079305","article-title":"Paeoniflorin effect of schwann cell-derived exosomes ameliorates dorsal root ganglion neurons apoptosis through IRE1\u03b1 Pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0216-7","article-title":"The PI3K-AKT network at the interface of oncogenic signalling and cancer metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Hoxhaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2019.03.001","article-title":"Role of the PI3K\/AKT (mTOR and GSK3\u03b2) signalling pathway and photobiomodulation in diabetic wound healing","volume":"50","author":"Jere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.229369","article-title":"Notoginsenoside ft1 promotes fibroblast proliferation via PI3K\/akt\/mTOR signaling pathway and benefits wound healing in genetically diabetic mice","volume":"356","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2018-1036","article-title":"Hesperidin, a plant flavonoid accelerated the cutaneous wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Role of TGF-\u00df\/Smads and Ang-1\/Tie-2 signaling pathways","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Excli J"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000001699","article-title":"Fibroblast-specific deletion of hypoxia inducible factor-1 critically impairs murine cutaneous neovascularization and wound healing","volume":"136","author":"Duscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2013.0520","article-title":"The role of hypoxia-inducible factor in wound healing","volume":"3","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-9042-9","article-title":"Naringenin suppresses neuroinflammatory responses through inducing suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021856","article-title":"Modulating NRF2 in disease: timing is everything","volume":"59","author":"Dodson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.05.023","article-title":"Potential protective mechanisms of green tea polyphenol EGCG against COVID-19","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111122","article-title":"Effects of rutin on wound healing in hyperglycemic rats","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070761","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of luteolin on impaired wound healing in streptozotocin-induced rats","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190328.201","article-title":"Study on active components of Fufang Huangbai Ye for diabetic foot treatment by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001651","article-title":"The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110475","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential of kirenol in diabetic rats through the suppression of inflammatory markers and matrix metalloproteinase expressions","volume":"129","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116728","article-title":"Acceleration of wound healing activity with syringic acid in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"233","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21763","article-title":"Paeoniflorin inhibited nod-like receptor protein-3 inflammasome and NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammatory reactions in diabetic foot ulcer by inhibiting the chemokine receptor CXCR2","volume":"82","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00433","article-title":"(-)-epigallocatechin gallate targets notch to attenuate the inflammatory response in the immediate early stage in human macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800337R","article-title":"Wound healing can be improved by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate through targeting Notch in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4268\/cjcmm20160123","article-title":"Effects of Qizhi Jiangtang capsule on dermal ulcer in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12117","article-title":"Healing effect of a two-herb recipe (NF3) on foot ulcers in Chinese patients with diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2017.06.010","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic response to flaxseed oil omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Soleimani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"B76","article-title":"The efficacy and side effects of oral Centella asiatica extract for wound healing promotion in diabetic wound patients","author":"Paocharoen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6957","article-title":"The effects of curcumin intake on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-016-1067-0","article-title":"Puerarin may protect against Schwann cell damage induced by glucose fluctuation","volume":"71","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174607","article-title":"Quercetin reduces inflammation in a rat model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy by regulating the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signalling pathway","volume":"912","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2058738419866379","article-title":"Berberine reduces neuroglia activation and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2789847","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA attenuates diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in experimental rats via inhibiting inflammation","volume":"2018","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23121","article-title":"Protective effect of naringin against oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats: A behavioral and molecular study","volume":"36","author":"Semis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.923424","article-title":"Multicenter clinical trials analyzing efficacy and safety of topical cortex phellodendri compound fluid in treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.040","article-title":"Prospective randomized controlled study of a Chinese herbal medicine compound Tangzu Yuyang Ointment for chronic diabetic foot ulcers: a preliminary report","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102678","article-title":"The effect of topical olive oil dressing on the healing of grade 1 and 2 diabetic foot ulcers: An assessor-blind randomized controlled trial in type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"16","author":"Abdoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519858033","article-title":"A combination of ultrasonic debridement and Shenghong wet dressing in patients with chronic ulcers of the lower limbs","volume":"47","author":"Xiaolan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00573","article-title":"Extract from plectranthus amboinicus inhibit maturation and release of interleukin 1\u03b2 Through inhibition of NF-\u03baB nuclear translocation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"10","author":"Leu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1334255","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effect of kangfuxin liquid on diabetic patients with skin ulcers","volume":"2021","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01223","article-title":"Berberine is a novel type efflux inhibitor which attenuates the mexXY-mediated aminoglycoside resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"7","author":"Morita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7621929","article-title":"Phellodendri cortex: A phytochemical, pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic review","volume":"2019","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346211048371","article-title":"Topical administration of teucrium polium on diabetic foot ulcers accelerates healing: A placebo-controlled randomized clinical study","volume":"23","author":"Fallah Huseini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.22607","article-title":"Effect of a novel macrophage-regulating drug on wound healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcers: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B93","article-title":"Effects of topical Kiwifruit on healing of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"19","author":"Mohajeri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570163815666180115093007","article-title":"Efficacy of aloe vera\/ plantago major gel in diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Najafian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Drug Discov Technol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/418679","article-title":"Plectranthus amboinicus and Centella asiatica Cream for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"2012","author":"Kuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1396315","article-title":"Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Ageratina pichinchensis in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized, controlled pilot study","volume":"81","author":"Romero-Cerecero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39716","article-title":"Shengji ointment combined with bromelain promotes granulation of exposed tendons in diabetic foot ulcers: A multicenter, randomized, positive-controlled clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i10.851","article-title":"Advances in traditional Chinese medicine as adjuvant therapy for diabetic foot","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1637128\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T04:11:18Z","timestamp":1755835878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1637128\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2025.1637128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1637128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"article-number":"1637128"}}